Summary

First Approach

The initial step was to find out a convenient method of immobilization using commercially acquired laccases from Trametes versicolor (named TVEL0) as a standard. The first alternative was the use of silica dioxide beadsthe lab. Different bead concentrations were used (ratio 1:500, 1:1000 and 1:1500) and different buffers (HBSS buffer, recrystallization buffer and Britton-Robinson buffer). However, no significant activity could be detected. Hence, it was agreed to try out CPC-(controlled pore carrier) silica beads, to which laccases covalently bind, especially that some papers provide protocols and activity tests which prove the efficiency of these beads.

Immobilization Strategy and Optimization of CPC-beads:

In order to identify the best conditions for TVE01, different bead concentrations: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 g/mL, as well as different incubation time periods: 18h and 36h were examined. Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5) was used, since TVE01 showed the highest activity in a pH 5. The beads were first immersed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and incubated for 2 hours under light vacuum in order to allow as much beads’ surface area to be coated with aldehyde groups, which crosslink the laccases to the beads. After that, the beads were washed 3 times with Britton-Robinson Buffer and then immersed in 1mg/mL laccases from TVEL0 and placed on a rotator at 4°C for 18h and 36h respectively. After incubation, the supernatants were gathered to be tested for laccase activity. The beads were then washed with Britton-Robinson Buffer, then with 0.5M NaCl solution in order to wash away all noncovalently bound laccases and again twice with the same buffer. Subsequently, the beads were immersed in 2.5 mg/mL glycine for 18h at 4°C. Finally, the beads were rinsed again with with Britton-Robinson Buffer, then with 0.5M NaCl solution and again twice with the same buffer.

The activity of the nonbound laccases present in the supernatant was measured using ABTS as substrate. After comparing the results, it was obvious that the activity of the supernatant after 36h was less than after 18h, which indicated that after 36h, more laccases were bound to the beads. On the other hand, the activity also decreased upon increasing the concentration of the beads without reaching a saturation level (see Fig. 1). Therefore, another experiment was carried out with higher bead-concentrations.

Fig 1: Enzymatic activity of TVEL0 supernatant gathered after immobilization with different bead concentrations, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 5 minutes. The graph shows a decreasing laccase activity with increasing bead concentrations, which indicates that the higher the bead concentration, the more laccases immobilized.

The same experiment was carried out again but with the following bead concentrations: 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.12, 0.14 and 0.16 g/mL. Based on the results of the previous experiment, the samples were incubated with 1 mg/mL TVEL0 for 36h. The results showed no significant change in the laccase activity upon increasing the concentration of beads above 0.06 g/ml (see Fig. 2), a saturation level has been achieved. ).

Fig 2: Enzymatic activity of TVEL0 supernatant gathered after immobilization with different bead concentrations, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 5 minutes. The graph shows no significant change in the laccase activity with increasing bead concentration; a saturation level has been achieved.

However, as expected, it wasn’t possible to measure the activity of laccases bound to beads using the Tecan. The beads were probably disturbing the Tecan’s laser, and centrifugation wasn´t an option because it would have simply taken too long and wouldn’t stop the reaction at a precise point of time. Therefore, Multi-Well Membrane-Bottom Filter Plates was considered to be a solution. These plates work in a similar way to the regular plates used for the Tecan but furthermore they contain a membrane that sieves the liquid through the filter. Thus the beads are separated and the ABTS-Buffer solution can be analyzed at 420 nm for oxidized ABTS.

The ability of the “Multi-Well Membrane-Bottom Filter Plates” to measure the activity of laccases bound to beads was tested with TVEL0 laccases. The results were promising (for further Information see labjournal. Subsequently, after receiving the laccases purified from E. coli BL21 (DE3) (named ECOL), the same procedures were followed to optimize the best conditions. However, the activity was measured over a longer period of time (35 min). The results indicated a similar behavior of ECOL to TVEL0 (see Fig. 3). Consequently, the same approach was followed for the immobilization of the next laccases.

Fig 3: Enzymatic activity of ECOL supernatant gathered after immobilization with different bead concentrations, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 30 minutes. The graph shows no significant change in the laccase activity with increasing bead concentration; a saturation level has been achieved. The behavior is similar to that of TVEL0 (see Fig.2).

On the other hand, TVEL0 bound to beads showed a prompt activity in the first minutes vis-à-vis a slow ascending activity of bound E.coli. Due to the rapid reaction of TVEL0, itt was only possible to detect the reverse reaction (Fig 4).

Fig 4: Enzymatic activity of immobilized TVEL and ECOL, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 11 hours. TVEL0 shows a rapid increase in the activity within minutes, whereas ECOL needs more time to show an activity.

Immobilization of purified ECOL and BPUL and Activity Tests

After optimizing the immobilization conditions for TVEL0 and ECOL, and proving their ability to bind to beads and preserve part of their activity, it was interesting to find out the percentage of laccases that bind to the beads, as well as the activity preserved by these laccases. Again, different bead concentrations were used: 0.08, 0.1, 0.12 and 0.14 g/ml, and the incubation time period was varied between 12 and 40 hours. The protein concentration was measured using Roti®-Nanoquant. In order to determine the optimal ratio of CPC-beads to protein, the binding capacity (Bc) was determined as follows:

The results were consistent with the activity tests performed previously. The most convenient bead concentration was 0.12 g/ml (see Fig.5) and the optimal incubation period was 24h (see Fig.6).

Fig 5: The binding capacity of TVEL0 to different CPC-beads concentration. The highest capacity is achieved with a bead concentration of 0.12g/ml.

Fig 6: The mass of bound TVEL0 to beads (µg TVEL0/g beads) over different incubation periods of time. The highest capacity is achieved after an incubation period of 24h.

Accordingly, an immobilization experiment was carried out using TVEL0, ECOL and laccases from purified Bacillus pumilus DSM 27 ( ATCC7061) (named BPUL) with a bead concentration of 0.12g and over an incubation period of 24h. The concentration of laccases in the supernatant after incubation was measured using Roti®-Nanoquant. The percentage of laccases in the supernatant relative to the original concentration is presented in Fig7. The results show that only 0.2% of ECOL laccases were still present in the supernatant, whereas 75% of BPUL remained in the supernatant. This illustrate that almost all ECOL were bound to the beads. On the contrary, only 25% of BPUL laccases were able to bind.

Fig.7: The percentage of laccases in the supernatant relative to the original concentration. The results show that only 0.2% of ECOL laccases are still present in the supernatant, whereas 75% of BPUL remained in the supernatant. This illustrate that almost all ECOL were bound to the beads. On the contrary, only 25% of BPUL laccases were able to bind.

The activity of laccases in the supernatant was also measured and compared to the activity of nontreated laccases (Fig.8-10). The results show that TVEL0 almost preserve their activity in the supernatant, whereas the activity of ECOL dramatically decreases compared to a slight decrease in the activity of BPUL. However, all three laccases show indeed an activity.

Fig.8: Enzymatic activity of TVEL0 supernatant compared to the activity of nontreated laccases, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 40 minutes The results show that TVEL0 almost preserve their activity in the supernatan.

Fig.9: Enzymatic activity of ECOL supernatant compared to the activity of nontreated laccases, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 12hours. The results show a dramatic decrease of ECOL in the Supernatant.

Fig.10: Enzymatic activity of ECOL supernatant compared to the activity of nontreated laccases, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 12hours. The results show a slight decrease in the activity of BPUL in the supernatant

On the other hand, the enzymatic activity of the bound laccases was also measured (Fig.11-12). TVEL0 shows a very rapid and high activity within few minutes. The activity of bound ECOL on the contrary is very low, even lower than that in the supernatant. BPUL shows a delayed increase in its activity, yet with higher values compared to ECOL despite the low binding capacity.

Fig.11: Enzymatic activity of immobilized TVEL, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 65min. TVEL0 shows a rapid increase in the activity within minutes

Fig.12: Enzymatic activity of immobilized ECOL and BPUL, measured using 0.1 mM ABTS at 25°C over a time period of 3hours. The results show a higher activity of BPUL compared to ECOL.

Literature

[1]Fernández-Fernández M et al. (2012) Recent developments and applications of immobilized laccase. Biotechnol Adv. 2012 Feb 28. [Epub ahead of print]

[2]P.-P. Champagne and J.A. Ramsay (2007) Reactive blue 19 decolouration by laccase immobilized on silica beads. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. Oct;77:819–823

[3]Chantale Cardinal-Watkins and Jim A. Nicell (2011)Enzyme-Catalyzed Oxidation of 17ß-Estradiol Using Immobilized Laccase from Trametes versicolor. Enzyme Research, vol. 2011, Article ID 725172, 11 pages