Team:UANL Mty-Mexico/Modeling/transport and accumulation

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Revision as of 02:01, 25 September 2012

iGEM UANL 2012


Transport and accumulation


Before us, team iGEM Groningen 2009 made a model for an arsenic accumulator at the population level; that is, they set some ODEs that represent the change on the total intracellular arsenic (considering not a single cell, but the whole culture, or more exactly, the total cell volume) with respect to time. Nevertheless, as the precise value for some parameters were unavailable, specially for the ArsB effect, part of their model remains aparameterized and they perform a quasi-steady state analysis.

After considering the effect of their metallothioneins (As-binding proteins), GlpF, ArsB and ArsR, they ended with the following time derivative:


\begin{equation} \large\frac{\mathrm{d[As(III)in] } }{\mathrm{d} x} = -ArsR_{As}-MBPArsR_{As} -n_{f}\cdot fMT_{As} -k_{1} ArsB_{As} + \frac{k_{2}V_{s}GlpF_{As}}{V_{c}} \end{equation}


Where As(III)in is the total intracellular arsenic; ArsRAs, MBPArsRAs, fMTAs, ArsBAs and GlpFAs are the arsenic bound proteins; nf is the Hill coefficient for the interaction between As and fMT; k1 and k2 are the kinetic constants for the interaction between As and ArsB and GlpF, respectively; finally, Vs/Vc represents the proportion between the total solution volume (Vs) and the total cell volume (Vc).


Core model


We built upon their model and made the following modifications, which we'll call the "core modifications" from now on:

  1. We assume that ArsB is non functional, so that the only protein affecting As transport is GlpF.
  2. GlpF effect is masked by the population level kinetics.
  3. We assume that the intracellular As concentration and the GlpF effect at the population level (that is, considering total cell volume) are homogeneously distributed and should be the same as in a single cell.
  4. The protein MBPArsR is not present in our system, so the variable MBPArsRAs is not considered for our model.

The next equation shows the application of those modifications:

\begin{equation} \large\frac{\mathrm{d[As(III)in] } }{\mathrm{d} x} = -ArsR_{As} -n_{f}\cdot fMT_{As} + (\frac{V_s}{V_c} \cdot V_{max} \cdot \frac{As_{ex}}{K_{t}+As_{ex}} \end{equation}

Now, let us introduce a variable called AsTOTALin, which represents the total amount of arsenic inside a cell (recall core modification number 2), whether free or bound to whatever protein. Let's also call AsFREEin the amount of free intracellular arsenic and AsBOUNDin the protein-bound As. In this way, AsTOTALin can be represented as follows:
\begin{equation} \large[As_{TOTALin}] = [As_{FREEin}] + [As_{BOUNDin}] \end{equation}


In the iGEM Groningen 2009 model, Asin represents the free intracellular arsenic, as this variable has negative terms related to the binding of As to proteins; to avoid further confusions, we'll establish this equivalence as follows: AsFREEin, so that equation 2 changes to:


\begin{equation} \large[As_{FREEin}] = [As_{in(iGEM Groningen 2009)}] \end{equation}


If we further analyze the AsBOUNDin variable, considering that in our system only ArsR and a methalothionein (which we'll simply call MT) are being expressed, then equation 5 turns to be:


\begin{equation} \large\large[As_{TOTALin}] = h_{2}[ArsR|As] + h_{3}[MT|As] \end{equation}


Where h2 and h3 are the Hill coefficients for the interaction between As and ArsR and MT, respectively. Finally, taking into consideration the work of team Cambridge 2009 and assuming that equilibrium is reached quickly, we can describe the formation kArsR|As and kMT|As as follows:
\begin{equation} \large \frac{d[ArsR|As]}{dt} = (ArsR_{TOTAL}) - (\frac{[ArsR_{TOTAL}]}{1+(\frac{[As_{FREEin}])}{k_{[ArsR|As]}})^{h_2}} - \delta_{ArsR|As}[ArsR|As] \end{equation}
\begin{equation} \large \frac{d[ArsR_{FREE}]}{dt} = (\frac{[ArsR_{TOTAL}]}{1+(\frac{[As_{FREEin}])}{k_{[ArsR|As]}})^{h_2}} - \delta_{ArsR|As}[ArsR|As] \end{equation}

\begin{equation} \large \frac{d[MT|As]}{dt} = (MT_{TOTAL})-(\frac{[MT_{TOTAL}]}{1+(\frac{[As_{FREEin}])}{k_{[MT|As]}})^{h_3}} - \delta_{MT|As}[MT|As] \end{equation}

\begin{equation} \large \frac{d[MT_{FREE}]}{dt} = (\frac{[MT_{TOTAL}]}{1+(\frac{[As_{FREEin}])}{k_{[MT|As]}})^{h_3}} - \delta_{MT|As}[MT|As] \end{equation}

In equations 5 to 7, kArsR|As and kMT|As are the kinetic constants for the interaction of arsenic with ArsR and MT, respectively, using a different nomenclature as in equations 1 and 2; here, in equations 6 and 7, the binding of two molecules is represented as "moleculeA|moleculeB". The indexes h2 and h3 are the Hill coefficients for the interaction between arsenic and ArsR and MT, respectively. The deltas are the degradation constants for the protein|As complexes. The unbound As that results from complex degradation then goes to the AsFREEin pool and is ready to bind again available ArsR or MT.


ODEs



The core modifications and equation 6 allow us to propose a set of ODEs that describe the change of the concentrations of intracellular As, ArsR|As, MT|As and the unbound protein species.


Core model ODEs

mRNAs

\begin{equation} \large \frac{d[mRNA_{ArsR}]}{dt} = \alpha _{mArsR}\cdot (pro_{ars})\cdot(\frac{k_{D1}^{h_{1}}}{k_{D1}^{h_{1}}+[ArsR]^{h_{1}}})- \delta _{mRNA_{ArsR}}[mRNA_{ArsR}] \end{equation}

\begin{equation} \large \frac{d[mRNA_{MT}]}{dt} = \alpha _{mMT}\cdot(pro_{cons})- \delta _{mRNA_{MT}}[mRNA_{MT}] \end{equation}

Proteins

\begin{equation} \large \frac{d[ArsR]}{dt} = \alpha _{pArsR}\cdot[mRNA_{ArsR}]- \delta _{ArsR}[ArsR] - [ArsR|As] \end{equation}

\begin{equation} \large \frac{d[MT]}{dt} = \alpha _{pMT}\cdot[mRNA_{MT}]- \delta _{MT}[MT] - [MT|As] \end{equation}

Proteins with arsenic

See equations 7 and 8

Arsenic

\begin{equation} \large\frac{\mathrm{d[As_{FREEin}] } }{\mathrm{dt}} = (\frac{V_s}{V_c} \cdot V_{max} \cdot \frac{As_{e}}{K_{t}+As_{e}} + h_2 \delta _{ArsR|As}[ArsR|As] + h_3 \delta _{MT|As}[MT|As]) \end{equation}


Parameters



Parameter

Description

Value

References

αmArsR

Maximal transcription rate of ArsR

3.74 nM/min

Assumptions

αmMT

Maximal transcription rate of MT

5.08 nM/min

Assumptions

αpArsR

Maximal translation rate of ArsR

9.74 nM/min

Assumptions

αpMT

Maximal translation rate of MT

6.33 nM/min

Assumptions

δmRNAArsR

Degradation rate of ArsR mRNA

2.16x10-1 min-1

Assumptions

δmRNAMT

Degradation rate of MT mRNA

1.25x10-1 min-1

Assumptions

δArsR

Degradation rate of ArsR

2.31x10-2 min-1

Assumptions

δMT

Degradation rate of MT

Value-1 min-1

References

proars

Concentration of ars promoter

aprox. 1*plasmid copy (nM)

Assumptions

procons

Concentration of constitutive promoter

aprox. 1*plasmid copy (nM)

Assumptions

KD1

Dissociation constant for the interaction of ArsR and proars

330 nM

Groningen 2009

KD1

Dissociation constant for the interaction of ArsR and As

6000 nM

Groningen 2009

KD1

Dissociation constant for the interaction of MTand As

6000 nM

Unknown; taken same value as KD2

kt

Kinetic constant for the transport of extracellular arsenic

27.21 µM

Groningen 2009

h1

Hill coefficient for the interaction between ArsR and proars

2

Groningen 2009

h2

Hill coefficient for the interaction of ArsR and As

1

References

h3

Hill coefficient for the interaction of MT and As

6

Ngu and Stillman, (2006)

VS/VC

Relation between total solution volume(VS) and total cell volume (VC)

Value

References

Vmax

Vmax for the Michaelis-Menten equation that describes As transport

3.186 µM/sL

References


Simulations



For the simulations of the ODEs, we built a Simulink model. First, we set the extracellular As to zero and ran a simulation with the initial conditions for all variables set to zero, as well; then, we interpolated the graphs obtained for the variables ArsR and MT (both in protein and mRNA) and determined the following initial conditions for further simulations:

  1. mRNAs: ArsR = 2.1058 nM; MT = 24.6324 nM
  2. Proteins: ArsR = 887.7 nM; MT = 6748.4978 nM

We also set all the numerical integrators to have lower saturation limits equal to zero, to be in concordance with the mass conservation law. Here are the results for simulations at extracellular As set to 0, 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 μM (0, 100, 1000, 5000, 1000 nM).

Figure 1

Figure 2

The color code is the same in figures 1 and 2. In the first one, we show the simulations for the five different extracellular arsenic concentration; in the second one, we see the simulated dynamics of the total internal arsenic and the free internal arsenic.

Remember that we assume that the arsenic concentration in the total cell volume should be equally distributed; in consequence, the concentration inside a cell should be the same as the one at the total cell volume.


MT plasmid copy number effect



For the simulations presented in figures 1 and 2, the copy plasmid of each plasmid is assumed to be equal to 1; also, we assume that the concentration of one molecule in the volume of a cell should be approximately equal to 1 nM, so that "(1 nM)*(plasmid copy number)" should give a result the concentration of a promoter.

Here we show simulations varying the copy number of the plasmid containing MT (we used copy numbers 1, 5, 10 and 100) at 500 nM extracellular arsenic.

Figure 2


Model considering lethal level of intracellular free As



Population level model


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