Project

Overview

TALE technology is a huge revolution in synthetic biology not only because of higher sequence fidelity or less cytotoxicity compared to other DNA binding proteins (first of all zinc fingers). The main advantage is that they can be produced rationally to bind other a DNA sequence of choice, whereas zinc fingers with the desired binding properties need to be selected from a library of fingers. That is why this technology is generally very costly, time consuming and does not guarantee binding sites for every predefined sequence, although open source platforms have been published for zinc fingers13. So relatively few laboratories can actually afford using the zinc finger technology.

Consequently, deciphering the TAL code also resulted in a huge step towards democratizing targeted DNA manipulation14. Moreover, multiple protocols and open source kits have been published by the few most influential labs in the field over the past year, which further popularized TALEs3,4,5. However, we believe that the last step of democratizing precise gene targeting has not been made yet – this hypothesis is corroborated by the fact that the biotech companies Cellectis bioresearch and Invitrogen have launched quite expensive new TAL effector product lines during the last few months. In order to bring TAL technology within reach for everyone, in particular for future iGEM students, we identified the two main bottlenecks of conventional TALE assembly, namely that it is very time consuming and requires substantial training in molecular biology. In the next steps, we invented a new method, called Golden Gate cloning- based, automatable TAL Effector (GATE) assembly, and built the genetic parts (the GATE assembly toolkit) to actually assemble custom TALEs. Furthermore, we quantified the efficiency of our GATE assembly and tested our constructs in a Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) cell line. We are proud to say that with our GATE assembly kit, future iGEM students will be able to easily assemble custom 12.5 repeat TALEs faster than anyone else in the world. Working on the GATE assembly kit, we learned a lot about Golden Gate cloning and came up with a strategy to introduce this powerful cloning technology to the iGEM registry as the Golden Gate standard without compromising RFC 10 standard. Our major goal was to empower future iGEM students to use and further develop TALE technology. That is why we dedicated a whole subsection of our project description to a step-by-step GATE assembly protocol. We believe that by enabling virtually anyone to specifically manipulate any locus even in the context of a whole genome, we have done the last step towards democratizing gene targeting. Although to date, the GATE assembly kit is complete for little less than a week, we receive requests from research groups in Freiburg almost every day, asking for copies of the kit. We are therefore thinking about giving the kit to the open source plasmid repository Addgene so that it can have a positive impact on the research world around iGEM.

We believe that we have laid a solid foundation for super-easy site specific genome modifications for future iGEM teams.

0. Introduction

You don't know what TAL effectors actually are? We reviewed the recent literature for you, to give you a quick overview of this exciting new field of research.

1. Golden Gate Standard

Assembling multiple gene constructs in frame without leaving scars is not possible with existing iGEM standards. We therefore introduce the new Golden-Gate Standard that is fully compatible with [RFC 10].

2. The TAL Vector

Targeting a sequence and not doing something to it, is like throwing mechanics at your car. Your car will not get any better only the mechanics will get mad. Because we know this, we bring the tools you need to actually work with DNA.To make it even more easy these tools are deliverd already inside the final TAL backbone, just add the sequence and you're ready.

3. GATE Assembly Kit

We have invented a super-fast, super-easy and super-cheap Method for custom TAL effector construction. Learn about the theory behind the TAL effector toolkit, how we created it and why we choose this design.

4. Using the Toolkit

Our overall goal is to empower future iGEM teams to use the most exciting new technology synthetic biology has to offer. We therefore not only invented the GATE assembly platform but wrote a step by step manual for super-easy custom TALE construction

4. The future TAL projects

Until now, almost three years after deciphering the TALE code, only two types of TAL Effectors have been developed: TALENs and TAL-TFs. We herein propose additional classes of TAL effectors.

5. Experiments and Results

We not only rigorously tested if our in vitro TALE gene assembly method works but also if our TALE constructs actually work in a human cell line. Check out test design and results.

Team:Freiburg/Project/References

1. Maeder, M. L. et al. Rapid ‘Open-Source’ Engineering of Customized Zinc-Finger Nucleases for Highly Efficient Gene Modification. Molecular Cell 31, 294–301 (2008).
2. Clark, K. J., Voytas, D. F. & Ekker, S. C. A TALE of two nucleases: gene targeting for the masses? Zebrafish 8, 147–149 (2011).
3. Sanjana, N. E. et al. A transcription activator-like effector toolbox for genome engineering. Nature Protocols 7, 171–192 (2012).
4. Cermak, T. et al. Efficient design and assembly of custom TALEN and other TAL effector-based constructs for DNA targeting. Nucleic Acids Res 39, e82 (2011).
5. Reyon, D. et al. FLASH assembly of TALENs for high-throughput genome editing. Nature Biotechnology 30, 460–465 (2012).

October 2009 (Bild Boch et al. 2009)

Two research groups publish the TAL Effector codes in the same issue of Science: Amino acid 12 and 13 of every DNA binding module specifically binds to one nucleotide
October 2010

Voytas Lab develops TALENs. These fusion proteins of FokI and a TAL protein cut as dimers and allow researchers to cut virtually anywhere in the genome. This technology is a
February 2011

Based on an exclusive licensing agreement with the University of Minnasota, Cellectis bioresearch launches its TAL effector product line. One TALEN pair currently costs 5000 Euro (6454 US$, 26.10.12).
October 2011

The iGEM team from Harvard University employed fancy and expensive techniques to find up to 15 new zinc fingers (each of which binds to 3 bp). There has to be a better way…
December 2011

Nature chooses TALENs as the 2011 Method of the year.
February 2012

The first two crystal structures of TALE modules bound to DNA published in the same issue of Science. The protein literally wraps itself around the DNA double helix and forms these beautiful symmetric shapes.
April 2012

Joung lab publishes FLASH assembly in Nature Biotechnology. This first automatable TAL assembly platform facilitates assembly of 96 TAL DNA fragments in less than a day using a pipeting robot.
October 2012

The Freiburg iGEM team makes TALE technology available to everyone by introducing the GATE assembly kit. For TALEs targeting 14 bp, this platform is currently the fastest, cheapest and easiest method in the world.

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