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Contents 1 Week 5, 2nd - 6th of July 2 Week 4, 25th - 29th of June 3 Week 3, 18th - 22th of June 4 Week 2, 11th - 15th of June 5 Week 1, 4th - 8th of June

Week 5, 2nd - 6th of July

This week the indigo, the receptor and the cell wall group had very similar tasks to perform so we were all reunited in the laboratory. Firstly, on Monday we found out that all transformations of yeast that had been carried out on Friday last week were successful. We now have the IMFD-73 yeast strain transformed with the hLHCGR and yLHCGR plasmid respectively and the cell wall group managed to transform IMFD-73 with both our constructed bipartite fragments and the kanMX fragment.

Unfortunately, even though the cells had been allowed to grow over the weekend, blue cells could still not be seen on the plates that contained yeast transformed with the indigo-synthesizing genes. Hopefully, this is due to the low intracellular levels of tryptophan in the yeast cells, which could prevent proper production of indigo. Therefore, the next step for the indigo group will be to try to add tryptophan to the transformed yeast cells and see if the indigo-production is successful then. But this we will do next week.

On Monday, we all continued by purifying our transformed yeast cultures by transferring single colonies to new agar plates. On Wednesday the procedure was repeated. On Friday we did a first verification of all our inserts by running colony PCR with the transformed yeast strains. Once again, a big thanks to Microsynth for providing the primers. Gel electrophoresis indicated that inserts are correct in the yLHCGR, hLCGR and the pIndigo plasmid. Results for the kanMX and the bipartite fragments were a bit more disappointing and we are not yet sure if the deletion of the CWP2 gene is successful.

Next week, we will also send in our yLHCGR, hLHCGR and pIndigo plasmid for sequencing and we are really happy to announce that we have a new sponsor, GATC Biotech that has offered to do the sequencing for us.

Week 4, 25th - 29th of June

This week, the work of transforming yeast began. Since yeast has a bit slower growth rate than E.coli, we did not always have a lot to do in the lab. But since we were on lab cleaning duty this week, we made sure to keep ourselves busy by running dishwashers, preparing sterile equipment and autoclaving biological waste. We all learned that biowaste, especially in large amounts, does not smell like strawberries.

Amazingly, between some autoclavation program and incubation time we also managed to enjoy a bit of rare sunshine and some icecream.

Receptor group

We in the receptor group have done three kinds of different tasks this week. The first thing we did was a verification of our plasmids with either the human signal or the yeast signal peptide. We prepared two mixtures with restriction enzymes and a 1 % agarose gel and the gel electrophoresis showed that the inserts were of the correct lengths. Happy! The plasmids were now ready to be used to transform yeast and we continued our work with preparing agar plates that are going to be used for selection. We made -his, -ura and -his-ura agar plates.

In the second half of the week we transformed our special yeast strain IMFD-73 (adapted for the expression of G protein-coupled receptors), provided by the Kondo group from Kobe University, with our plasmids hLHCGR, yLHCGR and the empty expression plasmid pSP-GM1. On Friday we plated the yeast on -ura plates and next week on Monday we will see if the transformation has worked.

Indigo group

This week was pretty eventless and the Indigo group spent a lot of time waiting for incubations of cells. We purified the plasmid pIndigo from the successful transformation from week 3. During Wednesday, the plasmid was transformed into the yeast strain CEN.PK 113-11C and the yeast cells were plated onto YPD His- agar plates. We had hoped that there would be blue colonies on the plates on Friday but only regular colonies could be seen. The Indigo group is now hoping that the cells will turn blue during the weekend and otherwise we will try to add tryptophan. The pIndigo will also be sent for sequencing during week 5 to ensure that the inserts are right.

Cell wall group

This week, the yeast strains for our back-up plan arrived. This strain lacks the CWP2 gene and has the kanamycin resistance cassette inserted instead. As a back-up plan, in case the Bipartite method will not work, we can amplify the kanMX cassette from this strain together with the 500 bp up- and downstream region of the CWP2 gene and then transform our yeast strain with this fragment. The advantage with this method is that we only have to insert one fragment instead of two into our yeast strain. So, colony PCR was performed with the Δcwp2 strain and in contrary to expectations, it worked directly and we got a nice band of the right size on th gel. The fragment was then purified from the gel.

In the second half of the week, our special yeast strain IMFD-73 was transformed with the whole kanMX fragment. Another transformation was done with the two Bipartite fragments. The cells were then plated on G418 plates. Next week we will see if the transformation was successful in one or both of the cases.

Week 3, 18th - 22th of June

This week Chalmers' iGEM team really worked hard. Early mornings and late nights. Our hands almost bled from all the pipetting... Okay, not really. But we actually made some great progress this week. Check out details below!

Receptor group

We began our week with transforming E. coli DH5α with our LHCGR constructs (that had either a yeast or human signal peptide) that were ligated into the pSP-GM1 plasmid. E. coli was then plated onto LB Amp agar plates and on Tuesday we were very happy to see that at least cells transformed with the human version of the LHCGR were happily growing. We proceeded by purifying the plasmids, which will now be called hLHCGR, from these cells.

To make certain that our constructed LHCGR fragment with the yeast signal (that we tried to insert into the pSP-GM1 plasmid) is correct, we used gel electrophoresis. From this we concluded that our yLHCGR fragment is correct and therefore we attempted to ligate this fragment into the pSP-GM1 once again. We transformed DH5α with this ligated plasmid and the next day, to our great happiness, we discovered colonies of transformed DH5α growing on the LB amp agar plates. Hopefully (verification still need to be done), we now have both versions of the LHCGR gene ligated into pSP-GM1, just waiting to be transformed into yeast . Great success! We finished our week by purifying the new plasmid, which hereafter will be called yLHCGR, from the DH5α cells.

Indigo group

On Monday two transformations were made from the ligation mixtures that have been prepared in week 2. On Tuesday we could see that our transformations had been successful and colonies were picked from the plates to inoculate. The pIYC04+fmo plasmid and the pIYC04+tnaA plasmid were purified from the cultures, digested and then purified on gel. The pIYC04+fmo plasmid was ligated with the tnaA gene and the pIYC04+tnaA with the fmo gene. Two different transformations were made from the ligation mixtures and on Friday we could see that one of them was successful. So now we have cells containing the plasmid, pIndigo, with both the fmo and the tnaA gene and that is supposed to be inserted into yeast to enable the bio-indigo production.

The cell wall group

The highlight of the week was the article in the newspaper Metro about our project and about the head of the cell wall group, Rachel. The article can be found here. Besides answering question of a journalist, the goal for this week was to fuse together the upstream fragment of the CWP2 gene with the 5’ end of the kanamycin resistance cassette and the downstream fragment of the CWP2 gene with the 3’ end of the kanamycin resistance cassette. To fuse together the fragments turned up to be even more tricky than expected. Several PCR reactions were run this week under different conditions such as different temperatures, different extending times and gradually increasing temperatures. Another attempt was to first only run 10 cycles with only the overlapping fragments and adding the primers afterwards. But all these trials resulted in the same outcome: One clear band at 1000 bp for the first fusion product and a smear for the second fusion product. But the expected sizes for both fragments were 1500 bp. This lead to slightly frustrated groupmembers (Citat Rahul: "How pissed off is Rachel really?"). But of course, we did not give up! What has finally saved us was the advice of PCR Pro Il-Kwon, the nice Korean guy in the System Biology group that already helped us before to get the fmo gene. He suggested another temperature, the use of a little less enzyme and the checking of the PCR-products on a GelRed gel first instead purifying it directly on a GelGreen gel. And it worked! GelRed gives much more precise results when checking the length of the fragments and it is not quite unlikely that we got right results already in the previous approaches but that we could not see them properly on the GelGreen gel. Nevertheless, we were very happy to finally succeed with the Fusion PCR and to get the two fragments that we will transform yeast with next week. Stay tuned!

Week 2, 11th - 15th of June

This week, the real lab work began. In order to create the biodegradable pregnancy test kit, we have three main tasks to solve. These are 1) the expression of the receptor, 2) the insertion of the indigo producing enzymes and 3) the deletion of a cell wall protein in order to enhance the chances of the ligand to pass the cell wall. Therefore we divided ourselves into three groups, the “receptor group”, the “cell wall group” and the “indigo group” each responsible for its task. Running PCR was a big part of the work this week and we would like to thank Microsynth AG for sponsoring us with the primers.

Receptor group

This week, we ran PCR with our lhcgr primers from Microsynth together with our LHCGR construct. This was done in order to obtain the gene for the LH/CG receptor fused with the yeast signal peptide of the LHCGR construct. We religated our generated PCR product and then transformated E. coli DH5α with it. We also did a control where E. coli was transformed with the non-ligated PCR product. We were very pleased to find that our cells that were transformed with the ligated LHCGR construct were growing very nicely on the LB-Amp plate while the control cells did not.

We purified the LHCGR construct from the transformed E. coli and we then continued our work with cutting out the LHCGR gene, that should now be fused with the yeast signal, from the religated construct and ligate it into our shuttle plasmid pSP-GM1. Simultaneously, the original LHCGR construct was also cut to generate the LHCGR gene with its associated endogenous human signal peptide. After cutting we ran gel electrophoresis to verify correct fragment sizes and the DNA from the bands containing the LHCGR gene with the human respectively yeast signal peptide were extracted and purified along with the cut pSP-GM1. Finally, we also attempted to ligate the two LHCGR inserts into the pSP-GM1 plasmids. Will the ligation work? This we will need to find out next week!

Indigo group

PCR reactions were run for the tnaA and the fmo gene. The tnaA gene was taken directly from E. coli with colony-PCR whereas the fmo gene was kindly provided by Si Wouk Kim from Chosun University, South Korea. After two days we succeeded to purify the fmo gene from gel. When the tnaA gene did not show up on the gel after the two first days we got the advice from Rahul Kumar (who works here in the lab at the department of System’s biology at Chalmers University of Technology) to boil the E. coli cells in a basic solution before the colony PCR. This time the colony PCR worked and the tnaA gene could be purified from the gel. Thanks Rahul!

We made a ligation mixture of the fmo gene with pIYC04 and tried to transform the ligation mix into E. coli. Unfortunately nothing had grown on the ligation plate (nor the control plate) and we had to redo the ligation. So the last day of the week we did two ligations in parallel, one with the fmo gene and pIYC04 and another one with the tnaA gene and pIYC04. These will be transformed into E. coli next week and hopefully one of them will work then.

The cell wall group

We started with the construction of the knock-out fragments. First, we ran PCR with genomic yeast DNA in order to get the 500 up- and downstream fragments of the CWP2 gene. The two overlapping kanMX fragments were also amplified by PCR. For these PCR reactions, we used HPLC purified primers that were sponsored by Microsynth AG. After PCR the fragments were checked and purified on gel.

We have learned that everything takes a little bit longer than expected; it took actually the whole week to get all the four fragments, since some PCR reaction had to be repeated several times. However, we are still on schedule. On Friday, we could then start with Fusion PCR in order to fuse the fragments. Of course it did not work the first time and we have the feeling that this will be the more tricky part of the cell wall deletion. But we will come up with some different approaches next week!

Week 1, 4th - 8th of June

Monday, 4th of June

The laboratory work has begun and after preparing this work for several months we are all very excited to finally get it started. Today we started preparing sterile equipment and we also wrote risk declarations for all of our planned experiments. We also introduced ourselves and held a brief presentation of our project to the very nice people working at the department of System’s biology here at Chalmers University of Technology.

Tuesday, 5th of June

Today our dear yeast strains that were kindly provided to us by the Kondo research group of Kobe University, Japan, were transferred to new and fresh YPD agar plates. We also prepared buffers needed for making competent E. coli and we inoculated E. coli DH5α in LB medium.

Wednesday, 6th of June

We prepared a stock of competent E. coli DH5α. Today we also amplified the shuttle plasmids pSP-GM1 and pIYC04 that we will use in our laboratory work, by transforming E. coli DH5α. The cells were then grown on LB-Amp agar plates. We also worked with the team wiki page and created a banner and a logo for the site.

Thursday, 7th of June

Not much laboratory could be done today. Two colonies from each plate containing the E. coli DH5α that were transformed with either pSP-GM1 or pIYC04, were inoculated in ampicillin-containing media and were grown overnight. For the rest of the day, we worked with creating a team brochure and we also established a Facebook page for the team. Click here to visit our page and Like our team!

Friday, 8th of June

We purified our pSP-GM1 and pIYC04 plasmids from the transformed E. coli.

With many thanks to our generous sponsors: