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Team:Stanford-Brown/HellCell/Desiccation
== Desiccation
At a glance
Extremophiles: Pantoea agglomerans ,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Proteins of interest: choline dehydrogenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (glycine betaine biosynthesis pathway), Osmoregulatory trehalose synthesis A and B (trehalose synthesis pathway)
Consensus: Effective ==
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, baker’s yeast, is remarkably resistant to desiccation, and it has been shown that certain osmoprotectant chemicals accumulate in these cells when desiccated. One of these chemicals is trehalose, a disaccharide that was initially implicated in desiccation resistance because of its accumulation (Calahan, Dunham, DeSevo, and Koshland 2011). Surprisingly, assays of trehalose’s effectiveness in the resistance of yeast have produced conflicting and inconsistent results (Calahan et al. 2011).
The gram-negative biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans was ineffective at controlling blue mold on fruits because of the long periods of dehydration that it experienced during the processing of the fruit (Bonaterra, Camps, and Montesinos 2005). Its effectiveness was significantly increased when it accumulated trehalose and glycine betaine during desiccation, and it was hypothesized that these osmoprotectants “operate through protection of membrane phospholipids by direct hydrogen bounding with phospolipid head groups maintaining the liquid crystal state and stabilising proteins by water replacement via hydrogen bounding” (Bonaterra, Camps, and Montesinos 2005). Glycine betaine was also found to have an osmoprotectant role in E. coli itself (Cayley, Lewis, and Record 1992).
To learn more about the ability of trehalose and glycine betaine and potentially apply them towards desiccation resistance, the Hell Cell Squad isolated the genes necessary for biosynthesis of trehalose and glycine betaine in E. coli and put them into the Test Plasmid.
Calahan, D., Dunham, M., DeSevo, C., Koshland, D.E. (2011). Genetic analysis of desiccation tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics, 189: 507-519.
Bonaterra, A., Camps, J., Montesinos, E. (2005). Osmotically induced trehalose and glycine betaine accumulation improves tolerance to desiccation, survival and efficacy of the postharvest biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans EPS125. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 250: 1-8.
Cayley, S., Lewis, B. A., Record Jr., T. (1992). Origins of the osmoprotective properties of betaine and proline in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 174(5): 1586-1595.
