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The so-called "Reinheitsgebot" or "Bavarian Beer Purity Law" forbids the use of any ingredients other than water, barley and hops. Hence, to be able to control the expression of our pathways in yeast, a promoter which does not rely on any chemical additive.

The light switchable promoter, does not only comply with these needs, it is also easy, cheap and very precisely applicable. Furthermore, as the expression of the downstream gene can be up-regulated as well as down-regulated by variation of red light and far red light ratio respectively.

Therefore it allows high spatio-temporal control over the genes downstream of the promoter.

Background and Principles

This system bases on the yeast two-hybrid system which was originally created for exploring protein-protein interactions. One candidate of a potential protein-interaction pair is fused to the DNA-binding domain of a transcription factor and the other candidate to the activation domain of a transcription factor. If the proteins candidates are really physically interacting with each other, this event will starts the transcription of downstream reporter genes, e. g. LacZ or an auxotrophic marker.

Reverse Yeast-Two Hybrid Based Light-Switchable Promoter System

This basic principle is utilized in the yeast light-switchable promoter system. But in contrast to yeast-two hybrid, we already know the interaction partners (PhyB and PIF3). The photo-convertible binding of PhyB to PIF3 is used, to recover the physical contiguity of the DNA binding domain and the transcriptional activation domain under defined conditions (red light).

Fig. 1 Principle of light-dependent switching of gene-expression.

This light-inducible system contains two proteins, phytochrome B (PhyB) and phytochrome interacting factor 3 (PIF3). PhyB and PIF3 will just form a heterodimer, if PhyB is exposed to red light. Exposition under red light leads to a conformation change of PhyB to its active form (P_fr-form); the P_fr form of PhyB now can bind PIF3. PhyB comprises a light-absorbing chromophore phycocyanobilin, which gives PhyB the ability to undergo a photoconversion to the active P_fr form (red light exposition) or back to its ground-state P_r (far-red light exposition or darkness).

GAL4 Based Light-Switchable Promoter System

In our first case we create two constitutively expressed fusion proteins, the first one is PhyB fused to GAL4DBD for the DNA binding part ([http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801040 BBa_K801040] and the second one is PIF3 fused to GAL4AD for the transcriptional activating part ([http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801039 BBa_K801039]). This system allows us to control spatio-temporally the expression of our genes coded on [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801004 pTUM104] and driven by the GAL1 promoter (The TATA-box of pGAL1 is preceded by binding elements for GAL4). To prevent interference with the endogenous GAL4 system of yeast, we are using the Y190 S. cerevisiae strain, which has an GAL4/GAL80 deletion.

One great advantage of the GAL4 based system is that we can use all our constructs which we have first cloned downstream of a GAL1 promoter without further cloning steps! But the disadvantage is that we have to use a yeast strain carrying a GAL4/GAL80 deletion.

If you want to use a supermarket yeast or a brewing strain you have to use the LexA based light-switchable promoter system, described in the next section.

LexA Based Light-Switchable-Promoter System

In contrast to the GAL4 based light-switchable promoter system there is no need for KO of GAL4/GAL80 genes in yeast with a LexA based light-switchable promoter system. The difference is that we use LexA, a prokaryotic DNA binding protein, for the DNA binding part of our light-switchable promoter system, instead of GAL4DBD. LexA does not interfere with the endogenous yeast metabolism and signaling system because it only recognizes a special prokaryotic DNA sequence, the so-called LexA operator (=LexA binding site). LexA binding sites can be used upstream of a minimal promoter (=TATA box) to be utilized as a cis-acting regulatory element.

In this case the genes, which we want to control by light, have to be cloned downstream of a synthetic promoter containing a minimal promoter, preceded by multiple LexA binding sites, e. g. [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K165031 BBa_K165031].

In distinction from the GAL4 based system there is no necessity for a special strain carrying an GAL4/80 deletion, so theoretically every yeast strain can be used for this system.

Biosynthesis of Phycocyanobilin

Phycocyanobilin undergoes a Z-E isomerization to its active form in case of red light and an E-Z isomerization to its inactive form in case of far-red light. The half-life of its active form P_fr is ~30 min, so continuous red light exposition is not necessary. A great advantage is that light-sensitive odorant and flavorings will not be destroyed. As phycocyanobilin is not naturally available in yeast one have to add the tetrapyrrole light-absorbing chromophore phycocyanobilin to the medium to get a functional light-switchable promoter system. But it also possible to bring the capability of phycocyanobilin synthesis in yeast by metabolic engineering. From heme, which is endogenous in yeast, there are only two steps of biosynthesis away from phycocyanobilin. The first step of phycocyanoblin is catalyzed by a heme oxygenase, the second step by a phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase.

Fig. 2: Biosynthesis pathway of phycocyanobilin from heme to phycocyanobilin (PCB).

Fig. 3: Cavity of PCB binding pocket of PhyB, predicted by I-TASSER. The next most homologue protein is illustrated in cyan, the cyanobacterial phytochrome CPH1 [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2VEA 2VEA]. The golden ribbon indicates the predicted structure of PhyB. The sulfhydryl group of the Arabidopsis chromophore-binding cysteine residue is co-ordinated with the position of the ethylidene moiety on the chromophore sufficiently closely and in the correct conformation to form the thioether bond by which the chromophore is known to be covalently attached.

Induction Setup

An array of 10 LEDs with emission peak at 660 nm ([http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/296270/ROITHNER/B5-436-30D.html Data sheet]) were attached into the molds of the packaging of 2 ml cuvettes and soldered together on the rear side of the packaging. As the cuvettes are the very ones that will later be used for illumination of the cells, the use of the packaging as LED matrix will allow quick removal during measurements and enhance accuracy of results.

Literature suggest pulsed illumination of the cells with a pulse duration of 10 seconds and a pulse frequency of 1 pulse every 5 minutes. The LEDs are actuated with an Arduino UNO micro-controller that puts the suggested protocol. The use of a micro-controller will allow us to easily test different pulse lengths and frequencies.

Results

Components of the Light-Switchable Promoter Systems

Two fusion proteins will be needed for a light-switchable promoter system. The first one is PIF3 fused to GAL4AD ([http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801039 BBa_K801039]), the second one is GALDBD (GAL4 based) or LexA (LexA based) fused to PhyB ([http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801040 BBa_K801040] or [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801041 BBa_K801041]).

For PhyB and PIF3 we didn't used the whole protein coding sequence for our fusions. For PhyB we used the first 908 N-terminal amino acids which has been mapped to be sufficient for reversible photoconversion. Also for PIF3 only the first 100 N-terminal amino acids has been taken for our fusions due to the fact that they has been mapped to be only necessary for light-switchable binding to PhyB.

We successfully created all fusion proteins for a light-switchable promoter system based on GAL4 and LexA and even created a TEF1 promoter driven expression battery for all our components, for each type of the system (GAL4 and LexA based).

Fig. 4: Simplified cloning scheme for the GAL4 (A) and the LexA (B) based gene expression battery.

• Fusion protein for the first component (GAL4/LexA based):

[http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801039 BBa_K801039: SV40NLS-GAL4AD-Linker-PIF3]

• Fusion protein for the second component (GAL4 based):

[http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801040 BBa_K801040: SV40NLS-PhyB-Linker-GAL4DBD]

• Fusion protein for the second component (LexA based):

[http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801041 BBa_K801041: SV40NLS-PhyB-Linker-LexA]

• TEF1 promoter driven gene expression battery for all parts of the GAL4 based light-switchable-promoter system:

[http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801042 BBa_K801042: pTEF1_SV40NLS-GAL4AD-Linker-PIF3_tTEF1_pTEF1_SV40NLS-PhyB-Linker-GAL4DBD_tTEF1]

• TEF1 promoter driven gene expression battery for all parts of the LexA based light-switchable-promoter system:

[http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801043 BBa_K801043: pTEF1_SV40NLS-GAL4AD-Linker-PIF3_tTEF1_pTEF1_SV40NLS-PhyB-Linker-GAL4LexA_tTEF1]

Extraction of PCB

Since there is no endogenous phycocyanobilin (PCB) in yeast, we have to add it to the medium first for our first proof-of-concept experiments. Later, we can implement the enzymes for the biosynthesis of phycocyanobilin ([http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_I15008 BBa_I15008] and [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K181000 BBa_K181000]) also in the finished gene expression batteries for our light-switchable promoter systems ([http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801042 BBa_K801042] and [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K801043 BBa_K801043]).

• Phycocyanobilin is extracted by methanolysis of dried Spirulina platensis. For detailed information please see our methods section

• The extracted phycocyanobilin is resuspended in DMSO and is kept at -20 °C until use.

• Absorption Spectrum for concentration determination.

Fig. 5: Absorption spectrum of the extracted phycocyanobilin

Fig. 6: Sample of the phyocyanobilin colloid

GAL4 Based System

Fig. 7: Evaluation of Luciferase Assay for the GAL4 based system.

PCB supports correct folding of the phytochrome domain of the fusion protein which binds to the DNA, hence without PCB the output the phytochrome domain is not folded correctly and there is no recruitment of the transcription activating domain in all conditions.

As expression the promoter system was driven by the strong pTEF1 promoter and was transformed on a high copy vector http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6883512 Jayaram et al., 1983, there was a high level of both fusion proteins which led to unspecific binding and a leaky transcription rate for the dark and low intensity samples in the presence of PCB. This problem could be dealt with by using a low copy vector for the expression battery of the light-switchable components, which will improve S/N-ratio by decreasing the basal gene expression activity of the reporter construct.

The high intensity sample still shows a 3 fold increased induction for a 10 fold increased light intensity compared to the low intensity.

Again PCB is necessary for correct folding of the PCB-PhyB-DNA-binding-site fusion protein, hence without PCB the output of our reporter system is close to zero.

Here the expression the promoter system was as well driven by the strong pTEF1 promoter and was as well transformed on a high copy vector http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6883512 Jayaram et al., 1983, which again led to a high number of unspecific bindings of the fusion proteins. Overall the LexA repoter promoter seems to be more sensitive to the concentration of active transcription activating domains, which leads to virtually no difference between the dark, low intensity and high intensity samples. Further investigation (Fig. 9) showed that the LexA binding elementes of the synthetic promoter http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K165031 BBa_K165031 sequence itself contains the sequence for 4 additional TATA-boxes which explains the high basal expression rate.

Still the normalised RFU is about 10 fold higher than for the GAL4 based system so with a weaker promoter, a low copy plasmid and a different LexA recognition motif, this systems should be a better candidate for a light-switchable system because in this case we don't have to use a special yeast strain with a GAL4 deletion because prokaryotic LexA does not interfere with the endogenous yeast signal transduction system.

By changing the LexA binding motif to one which does not contain the TATA-Box sequence but also can be bound by LexA (e. g. http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K079039 BBa_K079039 or http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K079040 BBa_K079040)we will have a light-switchable promoter system which one can use for every yest strain to make it light-switchable!

Fig. 8: Evaluation of Luciferase Assay for the LexA based system.

Fig. 9: Dotplot of [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K165031 BBa_K165031], a minimal CYC1 promoter, preceded by LexA binding motifs. Dotplot reveals that the LexA motifs contain the typical sequence for a TATA-Box which dramatically rises the basal activity of the synthetic promoter construct, which explains the high basal activity of the LexA based LSPS.