Latest revision as of 01:22, 27 September 2012

Xenopus tropicalis: A new multicellular chassis

Establishment of a new chassis

So far, synthetic biology has mostly focused on bacteria, since they are simple to engineer. iGEM teams and laboratories have met synthetic biology laboratories on unicellular organisms in order to understand the underlying biology and have developed an impressive database of molecular parts. Some work has also been done on engineering mammalian cells and a few iGEM teams have followed this trend. Synthetic biologists are now imagining the rational design of multicellular organisms with numerous applications ranging from gene therapy or drug production to environmental monitoring. This year, our team would like to be part of that challenge.

The arrival of Xenopus as a chassis in synthetic biology requires the creation of new standards and protocols that the community will be able to build on. We provided the registry with such tools that allow rapid construction and characterization of devices in vivo, and include debugging tools. We think they will be very useful for later iGEM teams and synthetic biologists who wish to work with Xenopus for building multicellular systems.

A multi-tissular systems allows testing protein effect into an animal. The expression/degradation of a protein (a protein fused to GFP in example) can be followed in the organism. Xenopus can be used as a biosensor, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) plan to validate an assay capable of detecting thyroid disruptor using Xenopus. With our plasmid it is easy to test in 5 days a promoter or/and a reporter in the new chassis xenopus because it contains a working immune/vascular/neurologic/nephrologic/digestive systems.

This year, the Evry iGEM team is going to be the one of the first iGEM team to work on a vertebrate. Our work is focused both on developing a system for intercellular and intertissue communication, and creating the tools for the iGEM community to easily express genes in specific tissues. We believe the tadpole is a chassis of choice for iGEM on multicellular organisms, as experiments can be conducted in one week using microinjection methods. We hope to demonstrate the feasibility of engineering Xenopus in one summer for an iGEM project, and to create a great tool for multicellular synthetic biology: An orthogonal hormonal system.

The simple molecular strategy to build eukaryotic plasmid ready to use:

Xenopus tropicalis represents a challenge as it is a vertebrate but also because it's a new chassis in the iGEM competition. To make sure we meet iGEM’s expectations on time, we have had to develop a new biobrick plasmid backbone compatible with Xenopus tropicalis (but also others vertebrate and fish). The plasmid is produced in bacteria then purified and injected into Xenopus's eggs. The plasmid can not replicate in eukaryotic cells. As origins of replication are cryptic in Xenopus, the plasmid does not replicate. Therefore, it is only active in the first two or three weeks of development, as the injected plasmid is passed on randomly to daughter cells. After that, it becomes too diluted.

Kozac : The Kozak consensus sequence is essential for the initiation of the translation process in eukaryotes. The sequence is the following (gcc)gccRccAUGG, where upper case letters are highly-conserved bases, and lower case letter can vary

Promoter : The promoter of a gene is located upstream of this gene and initiate its transcription. The promoter is surrounded by the enzyme restriction sites SalI and HindIII in order to be able to switch more easily to other promoters

5'UTR and 3’UTR : UTRs are Untranslated Region. The B-globin 5' UTR is located upstream of the coding sequence and is involved in 5'RNA capping. The 3'UTR is located downstream of the coding sequence and may contain sequences for the regulation of translation efficiency, mRNA stability, and polyadenylation signals

SV40 PolyA signal : The simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal is involved in the maturation of the mRNA for translation and is composed of a succession of adenine bases

Antibiotic resistance genes : This sequence is necessary for the selection of transformed bacteria exposed to the antibiotic

Biobrick prefix and suffix

Origin of replication : This origin of replication is bacterial, this sequence initiates the replication of DNA

Xenopus tropicalis

injecting tutorial

With a CMV promoter for an ubiquitous expression : (BBa_K812000),
With a Hsp70 promoter for an inducible expression : (BBa_K812300),
With a Elastase promoter for a tissue specific expression : (BBa_K812200).

Example of GFP expression in Xenopus

The injection tutorial explains very simply with diagram how we did injection and how take care about your embryos and tadpole. The experiment carries on 5 days, from the unfertilized egg to a swimming tadpole at stage 48-50. The GFP (or other fluorescent protein) is expressed few hours after the fertilization to the end of the week (see below).

Plasmid injected: pCS2+ with CMV promoter and GFP-aid reporter

pCS2+ GFP-aid: this plasmid contains the constitutive and ubiquitous promoter CMV and the aid sequenced of the aid system fusionned to GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)(Nishimura et al., 2009), this Biobrick created by our team is BBa_K812010, and it was integrated into our Eucaryotic plasmid BBa_K812000.We injected about 3.78E+7 plasmids.

GFP-aid expression from the embryo at stage 20 (one day after injection )to a tadpole at stage ~46 (four days after injection). For this tadpole the expression is localized in the skin.

We characterize the promoter CMV and elastase, not yet for the inducible promoter HSP70. Reporters characterized: sfGFP, mCitrine, mCFP and GFP-aid.

The characterization of all reporter and promoters is here.

Conclusion

This new BioBricked plasmid is ready to use in Xenopus tropicalis. As you can see above the plasmid pCS2+ with the CMV pomoter express the fluorescent protein GFP-aid, but this plasmid carry on important things to express a gene into eukaryotic calls. The 5'UTR region and the 3' UTR region was needed for gene expression in euklaryotic organism. The simplest way to do that was to use a plasmid already used in eukaryotic cells, vertebrate and especially Xenopus tropicalis as pCS2+. This pCS2+ was Biobricked to be compatible with the registry.
The pCS2+ plasmid was characterized and different reporters were expressed under the control of different promoters: here.

Nevertheless we expected a more uniform expression of the reporters with the CMV promoter. Within tadpole, fluorescent proteins were observed in one to four different tissues, and tissues were different between tadpoles.

Explanation: The plasmid DNA does not diffuse in the egg and stay in the same area around the injection site. This means that depending on the injection site, the plasmid will be inherited by a given set of cells within the tadpole. This question was raised in our model. Another reason could be that the metabolism of each differentiated cell is different and changes during the tadpole's development.

Our experiment showed us that plasmids injected do not diffuse in the whole organism. To express a protein with a promoter tissue specific it is a problem, because of the very low the probability to have the plasmid into the expected tissue. To solve the problem it is possible to easily integrate promoters and genes into the Xenopus's chromosome with the REMI technic [3]. A new plasmid pCS2+ with I-SceI sites upstream the promoter and downstream of the reporter could allow the integration of the sequence between this two I-SceI restriction sites. This plasmid could be useful for the eukaryotic community, they could change promoters easily with SalI and HindIII and the reporter is compatible with the registry (with BB prefix and suffix), and they would have the choice to test a construction by plasmid injection or DNA chromosome integration.

Moreover, the expression of reporters decreases during time, because plasmid DNA is subjected to a catabolic activity during development but also plasmid DNA gets diluted as cells proliferate and the quantity of plasmid DNA decreases for each cell. Integration into the chromosome could prevent it.

Our project raised important ethics question because the team use tadpole, an animal. We reflect that working with tadpole involved new questions about the animal pain but also about using animals in iGEM and in Synthetic Biology. It made us think about these questions, our reflection is in Human Practice.

References:

Inducible control of tissue-specific transgene expression in Xenopus tropicalis transgenic lines., Chae J., Zimmerman L.B., Grainger R.M., Mechanisms of development 117:1-2, 2002
Xenopus: a prince among models for pronephric kidney development., Jones E., JASN 16:2, 2005
REMI (Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration) and its Impact on the Isolation of Pathogenicity Genes in Fungi Attacking Plants

Kahmann R., Basse C., European Journal of Plant Pathology

Retrieved from "http://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/FrenchFrog"

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{:Team:Evry/template_v1}}
 <html>
-<center>
-The Evry iGEM team is proud to introduce you to our new project: <b>The French Froggies!</b><br/><br/>
-<h1><b>The French froggies project:</b></h1>
+<center><h1><b><i>Xenopus tropicalis</i>: A new multicellular chassis</b></h1></center>
-<h2>Establishment of a new chassis</b></h2><br/>
+	<h2>Establishment of a new chassis</b></h2><br/>
-<br />
+		<p>So far, synthetic biology has mostly focused on bacteria, since they are simple to engineer. iGEM teams and laboratories have met synthetic biology laboratories on unicellular organisms in order to understand the underlying biology and have developed an impressive database of molecular parts. Some work has also been done on engineering mammalian cells and a few iGEM teams have followed this trend. Synthetic biologists are now imagining the rational design of multicellular organisms with numerous applications ranging from gene therapy or drug production to environmental monitoring. This year, our team would like to be part of that challenge.</p>
+		<p>The arrival of <i>Xenopus</i> as a chassis in synthetic biology requires the creation of new standards and protocols that the community will be able to build on. We provided the registry with such tools that allow rapid construction and characterization of devices in vivo, and include debugging tools. We think they will be very useful for later iGEM teams and synthetic biologists who wish to work with <i>Xenopus</i> for building multicellular systems.</p>
+                <p>A multi-tissular systems allows testing protein effect into an animal. The expression/degradation of a protein (a protein fused to GFP in example) can be followed in the organism. <i>Xenopus</i> can be used as a biosensor, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) plan to validate an assay capable of <a href="http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testingofchemicals/41620749.pdf">detecting thyroid disruptor using <i>Xenopus</i></a>. With our plasmid it is easy to test in 5 days a promoter or/and a reporter in the new chassis <i>xenopus</i> because it contains a working immune/vascular/neurologic/nephrologic/digestive systems.
-<p>So far, synthetic biology has mostly focused on bacteria, since they are simple to engineer. iGEM teams and laboratories have worked on unicellular organisms in order to understand the underlying biology and have developed an impressive database of molecular parts. Some work has also been done on engineering mammalian cells and a few iGEM teams have followed this trend. Synthetic biologists are now imagining the rational design of multicellular organisms with numerous applications ranging from gene therapy or drug production to environmental monitoring. This year, our team would like to be part of that challenge.</p>
+		<!-- <p>You want to make the move from bacteria to multicellular synthetic biology ? Make sure you check out our Introduction to <i>Xenopus</i> page, and our Frogs for dummies page to make sure you are aware of all the differences between genetic engineering in eukaryotes.</p> -->
+		<p>This year, the Evry iGEM team is going to be the one of the first iGEM team to work on a vertebrate. Our work is focused both on developing a system for intercellular and intertissue communication, and creating the tools for the iGEM community to easily express genes in specific tissues. We believe the tadpole is a chassis of choice for iGEM on multicellular organisms, as experiments can be conducted in one week using microinjection methods. We hope to demonstrate the feasibility of engineering <i> Xenopus </i> in one summer for an iGEM project, and to create a great tool for multicellular synthetic biology:
+<a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/AIDSystem">An orthogonal hormonal system</a>.
+</p><br/>
+<a name="plasmid" /><h3>The simple molecular strategy to build eukaryotic plasmid ready to use: </h3></a>
+<p>
+<br/><i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> represents a challenge as it is a vertebrate but also because it's a new chassis in the iGEM competition. To make sure we meet iGEM’s expectations on time, we have had to develop a new biobrick plasmid backbone compatible with<i> Xenopus tropicalis</i> (but also others vertebrate and fish). The plasmid is produced in bacteria then purified and injected into <i>Xenopus</i>'s eggs. The plasmid can not replicate in eukaryotic cells. As origins of replication are cryptic in <i>Xenopus</i>, the plasmid does not replicate. Therefore, it is only active in the first two or three weeks of development, as the injected plasmid is passed on randomly to daughter cells. After that, it becomes too diluted.
+<br/><br/></p>
+		<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/0/0e/French_froggies_scheme2.1.png" target="_blank">
+		<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/0/0e/French_froggies_scheme2.1.png" alt="Image unavailable" width="950px" /> </a><br/>
-<p>The arrival of a Xenopus tropicalis as a chassis in synthetic biology requires the creation of new standards and protocols that the community will be able to build on. We provided the registry with such tools that allow rapid construction and characterization of devices in vivo, and include debugging tools. We think they will be very useful for later iGEM teams and synthetic biologists who wish to work with this Xenopus for building multicellular systems.  </p>
+<ul>
-<br />
+<li><b>Kozac</b> : The Kozak consensus sequence is essential for the initiation of the translation process in eukaryotes. The sequence is the following (gcc)gccRccAUGG, where upper case letters are highly-conserved bases, and lower case letter can vary</li><br/>
+<li><b>Promoter </b>: The promoter of a gene is located upstream of this gene and initiate its transcription. The promoter is surrounded by the enzyme restriction sites <b>SalI</b> and <b>HindIII</b> in order to be able to switch more easily to other promoters</li><br/>
-<p>You want to make the move from bacteria to multicellular synthetic biology ? Make sure you check out our Introduction to <i>Xenopus</i> page, and our Frogs for dummies page to make sure you are aware of all the differences between genetic engineering in eukaryotes</p>
+<li><b>5'UTR and 3’UTR</b> : UTRs are Untranslated Region. The B-globin 5' UTR is located upstream of the coding sequence and is involved in 5'RNA capping. The 3'UTR is located downstream of the coding sequence and may contain sequences for the regulation of translation efficiency, mRNA stability, and polyadenylation signals</li><br/>
+<li><b>SV40 PolyA signal</b> : The simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal is involved in the maturation of the mRNA for translation and is composed of a succession of adenine bases </li><br/>
+<li><b>Antibiotic resistance genes</b> : This sequence is necessary for the selection of transformed bacteria exposed to the antibiotic</li><br/>
+<li><b>Biobrick prefix and suffix</b></li><br/>
-<p>This year, the Evry iGEM team is going to be the one of the first iGEM team to work on a vertebrate. Our work is focused both on developing a system for intercellular and inter-tissue communication, and creating the tools for the iGEM community to easily express genes in specific tissues. We believe the tadpole is a chassis of choice for iGEM on multi cellular organisms, as experiments can be conducted in one week using microinjection methods. We hope to demonstrate the feasibility of engineering <i> Xenopus </i> in one summer for an iGEM project, and to create a great tool for multicellular synthetic biology: A synthetic, orthogonal hormonal system. </p>
+<li><b>Origin of replication</b> : This origin of replication is bacterial, this sequence initiates the replication of DNA</li><br/>
+By putting all the parts necessary for expression in eukaryotes, we have made plasmids where any coding biobrick (containing Kozak sequence) can be cloned in directly without having to transfer each parts individually. These plasmids can be used to rapidly test genetic constructions in<i> Xenopus tropicalis</i> after a single cloning.<br/> It is possible to easily change promoter with the restriction sites SalI and HindIII. <br/>
-<h3>See below the simple molecular strategy to build eukaryotic plasmid ready to use. <br/><br/><br/>
+The plasmid also contains tools to calibrate the system in combination with a model. For instance, it contains sites for in vitro transcription (sp6 sites) of genes to make RNA that can then be injected directly in the embryo, allowing a much finer control of the ratio between levels of different genes during construct testing. <br/>
-<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/0/0e/French_froggies_scheme2.1.png" target="_blank">
+<br/>
-<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/0/0e/French_froggies_scheme2.1.png" alt="Image unavailable" width="950px" /> </a><br/><br/><br/>
+To test it, inject 2.3 nL of 100 ng.uL-1 plasmid solution into the one cell embryo following the <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/InjectionTuto" target="_blank">injecting tutorial</a>.For a plasmid of 4kb it represents approximately 45 million of plasmids per injection. As the cell divides, plasmids are shared between cells but not replicated so a high concentration of DNA is necessary to ensure there will be DNA in most of the organism. Once the transcription machinery turns on during the development, plasmids are transcribed and translated. Since the tadpole stage starts after a few days, we can work on a whole vertebrate with most organs formed within a week. With different tissues it is possible to diversify the type of expression with different promoters.
-</center>
+ <br/>
+ <br/>
-<center>
+So far we have made 3 new plasmid backbones with different promoters :
-<h1>Characterization of injected plasmid into <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> eggs</h1><br/>
+<br/><br/>
-</center>
+<li>With a <b>CMV promoter</b> for an ubiquitous expression :
+(<a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K812000" target="_blank">BBa_K812000</a>),
+<li>With a <b>Hsp70 promoter</b> for an inducible expression :
+(<a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K812300" target="_blank">BBa_K812300</a>),
+<li>With a <b>Elastase promoter</b> for a tissue specific expression :
+(<a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K812200" target="_blank">BBa_K812200</a>). </p></li>
 <br/>
-<ul>
-Embryos/tadpoles was not fed during all the week of experiment, they grew up with their own vitellus.<br/>
-Pictures was taken with the Zeiss stereomicroscope: SteREO Lumar V12 with the camera AxioCamMR3.<br/>
-The <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/InjectionTuto">injection tutorial</a> explains very simply with diagram how we did injection and how take care about your embryos and tadpole. The experiment carries on 5 days, from the not fertilized egg to a swimming tadpole at stage 48-50. The GFP (or other fluorescent protein) is expressed  few hours after the fertilization to the end of the week (see below).<br/>
-The iGEM-Evry tem say a great thanks to Dr. Nicolas Pollet, Dr. Aurore Thelie and Lena Vouillot (PhD student) who teach us how to inject embryos, take care of tadpoles and how to use their microscope. They are from <a href="http://www.issb.genopole.fr/">Institute of Systems & Synthetic Biology</a> of Evry in the <a href="http://indigene.issb.genopole.fr/">Metarmophosys</a> group.<br/><br/>
-<h2>Plasmids injected:</h2><br/><br/>
-We injected 2.3 nl of plasmid at 100ng.µl-1 - embryos were stored at 21°C during all the experiment.<br/><br/>
-pCS2+ GFP-aid: contains the constitutive promoter CMV and the aid sequenced of the aid system fusionned to GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)(Nishimura et al., 2009), this Biobrick created by our team is <a href="http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K812010">BBa_K812010</a>, and it was integrated into our Eucaryotic plasmid <a href="http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K812000">BBa_K812000</a> .
-Number of Plasmids injected: ~ 3.78E+7 <br/> <br/>
-<ol>
-<h2><li>pCS2+ GFP-aid</li> </h2><br/>
-<h3>24h after injection</h3><br/>
-Eggs are near stage 20, neural fold is visible and the size of tadpole is near 1 mm <br/>
-<img src="/wiki/images/c/c7/409GFP-aid%2Bcontrol.jpg" alt="perdu" width="880px"/><br/>
-<center>
-<img src="/wiki/images/d/d6/409zstackGFP.gif" alt="perdu"width="400px"/><br/>
-z-stack of the embryo<br/><br/>
-</center>
-Some eggs expressed GFP-aid and some others not, it means that the injection did not work for some eggs or the eggs do not express GFP-aid<br/><br/>
-<h3>48h after injection</h3><br/>
-Embryos are at stage 34-38 and move by intermittence, the size of tadpole is near 2.5 mm<br/><br/>
+Our goal was to provide tools which would allow to rapidly build and characterize constructs in the embryos (along with a synthetic hormone to make them communicate), with tools for debugging (by injecting mRNA) and with ubiquitous, inducible and tissue specific promoters.
+</ul>
-<img src="/wiki/images/f/f8/509_gfpaid_1et2.JPG" alt="perdu" width="880px" /><br/>
-<img src="/wiki/images/c/c8/509_gfpaid_ctrl.JPG" alt="perdu" width="880px" /><br/><br/>
+<br/><br/><br/>
-The expression of GFP-aid is localized in different tissue for each tadpole, in spite of the promoter is constitutive (CMV). We can think that the plasmid does not diffuse in the eggs because of the vitellus viscosity. This question was  raised in one of the <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/plasmid_splitting">modelling part</a> <br/><br/>
+	<h2>Example of GFP expression in <i>Xenopus</i></h2><br/>
-<h3>3 days after injection</h3><br/>
+	<p>The <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/InjectionTuto">injection tutorial</a> explains very simply with diagram how we did injection and how take care about your embryos and tadpole. The experiment carries on 5 days, from the  unfertilized egg to a swimming tadpole at <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/Stages">stage</a> 48-50. The GFP (or other fluorescent protein) is expressed  few hours after the fertilization to the end of the week (see below).
-Embryos are at stage 41-42 and swim, the size of tadpole is near 4 mm.<br/><br/>
-From this tadpole stage an anaesthetic is required to take pictures of tadpoles, otherwise the light teases tadpoles, and it is impossible to take a picture
-<img src="/wiki/images/d/d0/GFPAID%2BpNHK60Zstack-1.gif" alt="perdu" width="400px" />
+		<h3>Plasmid injected: pCS2+ with CMV promoter and GFP-aid reporter</h3><br/>
-<img src="/wiki/images/5/54/GFPAID-Zstack1-1.gif" alt="perdu" width="400px" /><br/><br/>
-z-stack pictures: pCS2+ CMV_GFP-aid, GFP expression is not in same tissue between tadpoles: for example the tadpole on the left picture bones of the tail produced GFP, on the right picture the GFP expression is localized in the skin. The only part of the tadpole moving is the heart beatting (between the head and the stomac)<br/><br/>
+		<p>pCS2+ GFP-aid: this plasmid contains the constitutive and ubiquitous promoter CMV and the aid sequenced of the aid system fusionned to GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)(Nishimura et al., 2009), this Biobrick created by our team is <a href="http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K812010">BBa_K812010</a>, and it was integrated into our Eucaryotic plasmid <a href="http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K812000">BBa_K812000</a>.We injected about 3.78E+7 plasmids.</p><br/>
+		<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/c/cc/Tadpole_de_la_mort.png" alt="Image unavailable" width="950px" />
+</b></b>
+<p>
+GFP-aid expression from the embryo at <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/Stages">stage</a> 20 (one day after injection )to a tadpole at <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/Stages">stage</a> ~46 (four days after injection). For this tadpole the expression is localized in the skin.</b></b></b>
+</p>
-<img src="/wiki/images/0/03/6.09_GFP-aid.JPG" alt="perdu" width="880px" />
+We characterize the promoter CMV and elastase, not yet for the inducible promoter HSP70.
-<img src="/wiki/images/8/81/6.09_control.JPG" alt="perdu" width="880px" /><br/><br/>
+Reporters characterized: sfGFP, mCitrine, mCFP and GFP-aid.<br><br>
+<h4><b>The characterization of all reporter and promoters is <u><a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/Tadpole_injection1">here</a></u>.</b></h4><br>
-The expression of GFP-aid is localized in different tissue for each tadpole, like the day before. GFP is present in same tissue, it means that the plasmid stays in the same cells.<br/><br/>
+	<h2>Conclusion</h2><br/>
-<h3>4 days after injection</h3><br/>
+<p>This new BioBricked plasmid is ready to use in <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i>. As you can see above the plasmid pCS2+ with the CMV pomoter express the fluorescent protein GFP-aid, but this plasmid carry on  important things to express a gene into eukaryotic calls. The 5'UTR region and the 3' UTR region was needed for  gene expression in euklaryotic organism. The simplest way to do that was to use a plasmid already used in eukaryotic cells, vertebrate and especially  <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i>  as pCS2+. This pCS2+ was Biobricked to be compatible with the registry. <br>
-Embryos are at stage 45-46 and swim, the size of tadpole is near 5 mm.<br/><br/>
+The pCS2+ plasmid was characterized and different reporters were expressed under the control of different promoters: <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/Tadpole_injection1">here</a>.<br>
-<img src="/wiki/images/7/71/7.09_GFP-aid.JPG" alt="perdu" width="880px" />
+<p>
-<img src="/wiki/images/f/f2/7.09_control.JPG" alt="perdu" width="880px" /><br/><br/>
+Nevertheless we expected a more uniform expression of the reporters with the CMV promoter. Within tadpole, fluorescent proteins were observed in one to four different tissues, and tissues were different between tadpoles.
-The GFP is still present in specific tissue, but also the GFP is decreasing. Plasmids could be ruined by cells, and/or the quantity of plasmids could decrease in each cells which involded the diminution of GFP in each cells, after that it is more difficult to see GFP.
+</p>
-picture with the LSM 510 META Laser Scanning Microscope from Zeiss.<br/> A great  thank to Dr Daniel Stockholm and <a href="http://www.genethon.fr/en/">Genethon</a> for using this microscope.<br/><br/>
+<p>
-<img src="/wiki/images/c/ce/Picture_genethon_GFP-aid_7.09.jpg" alt="perdu" width="880px" /><br/>
+Explanation: The plasmid DNA does not diffuse in the egg and stay in the same area around the injection site. This means that depending on the injection site, the plasmid will be inherited by a given set of cells within the tadpole. This question was raised in our <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/plasmid_splitting">model</a>. Another reason could be that the metabolism of each differentiated cell is different and changes during the tadpole's development.
-The tadpole 1 express GFP-aid in epidermic cells, whereas the tadpole 2 express GFP-aid in optical nerve,nostril nerve, tail muscle cells and branchial basket.<br/><br/>
+</p>
-</ol>
+<p>
+Our experiment showed us that plasmids injected do not diffuse in the whole organism. To express a protein with a promoter tissue specific it is a problem, because of the very low the probability to have the plasmid into the expected tissue. To solve the problem it is possible to easily integrate promoters and genes into the <i>Xenopus</i>'s  chromosome with the REMI technic [3]. A new plasmid pCS2+ with I-SceI sites upstream  the promoter and downstream of the reporter could allow the integration of the sequence between this two I-SceI restriction sites. This plasmid could be useful for the eukaryotic community, they could change promoters easily with SalI and HindIII and the reporter is compatible with the registry (with BB prefix and suffix), and they would have the choice to test a construction by plasmid injection or DNA chromosome integration.
+</p>
-<h2>Conclusion</h2><br/>
+<p>
+Moreover, the expression of reporters decreases during time, because plasmid DNA is subjected to a catabolic activity during development but also plasmid DNA gets diluted as cells proliferate and the quantity of plasmid DNA decreases for each cell. Integration into the chromosome could prevent it.
+</p>
-This page shows that our construction express our reporter with the CMV promoter. This part are considered characterized. Nevertheless we expected an uniform expression of reporter with the CMV promoter. Colors fluorescent proteins was expressed in different tissue specific, one tadpole expresses the colors fluorescent protein into one to four different tissues, and tissue are different between tadpoles. <br/>
+<p>
-Explanation: The plasmid does not diffuse in the egg and stay in the same area, it means that depending on the injection area the plasmid would be in a part of the tadpole. This question was raised in our <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/plasmid_splitting">model</a>. An other reason could be that the metabolism of each tissue specific cell is different and change during the tadpole's development.<br/>
+Our project raised important ethics question because the team use tadpole, an animal. We reflect that working with tadpole involved new questions about the animal pain but also about using animals in iGEM and in Synthetic Biology. It made us think about these questions, our reflection is in <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Evry/HumanPractice">Human Practice</a>.</p><br>
-Moreover the expression of reporters decrease during times, because plasmids are damaged during times but also plasmid are divided in more cells and the quantity of plasmids decrease for each cell.<br/><br/>
 <div id="citation_box">
 <p id="references">References:</p>
 <ol>
-<li><i>Inducible control of tissue-specific transgene expression in Xenopus tropicalis transgenic lines.</i>, Chae J., Zimmerman L.B., Grainger R.M., Mechanisms of development 117:1-2, 2002</li>
+<li><i>Inducible control of tissue-specific transgene expression in <i>Xenopus</i> tropicalis transgenic lines.</i>, Chae J., Zimmerman L.B., Grainger R.M., Mechanisms of development 117:1-2, 2002</li>
 <li><i>Xenopus: a prince among models for pronephric kidney development.</i>, Jones E., JASN 16:2, 2005</li>
-<li><i>An auxin-based degron system for the rapid depletion of proteins in nonplant cells</i>, Nishimura K., Fukagawa T., Takisawa H., Kakimoto T., Kanemaki M., Nature Methods 6:12, 2009</li>
+<li><i>REMI (Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration) and its Impact on the Isolation of Pathogenicity Genes in Fungi Attacking Plants</li> Kahmann R., Basse C., European Journal of Plant Pathology</li>
 </ol>
 </div>