Team:Tuebingen/Project

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Overview

Our general aim is to establish a simple synthetic organisim which will be capable to measure the influence of endocrine disruptors on the natural balance of sexual determination in all kind of vertebrates. The measurement itself will be cost-efficient, environment-friendly and sensitive.

Naturally occuring iron receptors of the PAQR family are found to repress FET3 promotor on high level of extra cellular iron. According to Smith JL et al. expressed human mPR in yeast induced the same signal ligating to progesterone. Relying on this results we will express various mPRs of Danio rerio and Xenopus laevis in yeast which to measure endocrine substances that influence fish and amphibians.

We will transform the negative signal of FET3 by letting it control a repressor (ROX1 or MIG1) into a positive one. This repressor will regulate the expression of the reporter gene (firefly luciferase or lacZ) and allow quantitative measurement.

Motivation

Why do we want to establish a mechanism for steroid measurement?

Steroid hormones, especially estrogens, occur in all vertebrates and play a crucial role in sexual differentiation. In recent times the pollution of waters with these hormones has become an increasing problem for the aquatic fauna. Particularly waters functionalized by humans or adjacent to human settlements, for example in areas with agricultural use, show increased estrogen-concentrations.

Scientific studies based on Danio rerio showed that the consequences are devastating. High concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol, a hormone in most birth-control pills, affected the sex differentiation of Danio rerio leading to development of ovotestis or complete feminization (Andersenc, 2002). Intersex-fish have been reported in UK rivers since 1978 downstream of an sewage treatment plant.

We believe that a first step in finding a solution to this environmental problem is an accurate and reliable method to quantify steroids which is easy to use and limited to an optical measurement.

Occurring Questions

On our way designing the major pathway to express a specific reporter gene to demonstrate the presence of steroid hormones, we had and still have to deal with several questions concering the choice of BioBricks, genes and vectors to construct a firm method to determine "pollution" by steroids. As a conclusion, we have to meet two major requirements for our system:

It should be as cost-efficient as possible for easy and regular application
It should be resistant to yeast's own metabolism (Not be disturbed by unexpected occuring expression).

At first we had to find an appropriate receptor to "grab" steroid hormones in efluents. This should fulfill the following requirements:

It should only be responsible to substrates we wish to detect, so the results of the test will not be falsified.
It has to be easiliy integrated into yeast's cell membrane.
Its nucleic acid sequence should not be too long so we can put it onto a plasmid vector.

We chose the membrane progesterone receptor of Zebrafisch (Danio rerio) and of African clawed frog (Xenophus laevis). We focused on these receptors, since they are easy to duplicate and interact with a broad bandwith of sex-determinig hormones.

The next step was to select an appropriate organism to express these receptors. After some research, we could narrow our options down to two organisms:

Escherichia Coli
yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Finally we decided for yeast, since it has been done more research with it according to our prefered receptors. In addition yeast is an eukaryote making it more easier to integrate mPRs into their cell membrane.

Mechanism

Planned mechanism

Naturally occuring iron receptors of the PAQR family are found to block FET3 promotor on high level of extra cellular iron. According to [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18603275 Smith JL et al] expressed human mPR in yeast induced the same signal ligating to estrogen. Relying on this results we will try to express various mPRs of Danio rerio, Xanophus laevis in yeast which we find better fitting to measure endocrine substances that influence fish.

We will transform the negative signal of FET3 by letting it control an inhibitor (ROX1 and MIG1). This inhibitor will regulate the promotor of our reporter gene. For the promoter of our reporter gene we chose ANB1 and SUC2, because these are targets of ROX1 and MIG1. By negating the negative signal of FET3 we hope to obtain a positive signal sensitive enough to measure low concentrations of different endocrine substances.

Receptors

Membrane bound, 7-Transmembranereceptor (C-terminus inside,N-terminus outside), PAQR family (progesterone adiponectin Q receptor), Hly-III superfamily G-Protein coupled: activation of inhibitori Gi units: reduced adenylyl-cyclase activity.

Sequence mPR alpha danio rerio: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AY149121.1 NCBI],

Sequence mPR beta danio rerio: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AY149120.1 NCBI]

Sequence mPR putative Xenopus laevis [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AAN78113.1 NCBI]

Homologe receptors of mPR Alpha Danio rerio determined by BLAST:

Goldfisch, Carassius auratus
Katzenwels, Ictalurus punctatus
Hundszungen, Cynoglossus semilaevis
Flunder, Paralichthys lethostigma
Meerforelle, Cynoscion nebulosus
Buntbarsch, Oreochromis niloticus
Umberfisch, Micropogonias undulatus

Zebrafrisch (Danio rerio) In Tübingen:

Tübingen Map of the [http://wwwmap.tuebingen.mpg.de/ Zebrafish Genome]
[http://www.mnf.uni-tuebingen.de/fachbereiche/biologie/institute/evolutionecology/lehrbereiche/physiologische-oekologie-der-tiere/staff/volker-scheil.html Dr. Volker Scheil], The impact of potential environmental stressors on early development and cellular and biochemical biomarkers in fish, Main research: Fish embryotoxicity, histopathology and stress protein (hsp 70) responses.

Inhibitor and promotor

An appropriate inhibitor/promotor combination is a crucial step in our pathway and should be selected wisely.

Finally we chose FET3 as our promoter and both ROX1 and MIG1 as inhibitors. It is very likely, that they don't seem to repress any gene expression that are crucial for yeast.

Reporter gene

The last station of our signaling pathway should be a reporter gene which amplifies our initial signal to allow a quantitative measurement.

The enzyme luciferase fulfills these conditions and is possible candidate for our mechanism.

Implementation

Promoter

Inhibitor

Reporter

Measurement

The measurement itself should be limited to an optical one and people with lesser qualifications should be able to run it. With this idea in mind, we decided for reporter genes like lacZ and luciferase, because these produce signals which can simply be quantified by optical measurement methods, like for example with a photometer.

References

[1] Jessica L. Smith, Brian R. Kupchak, Ibon Garitaonandia, L. Kim Hoang, Andrew S. Maina, Lisa M. Regalla, and Thomas J. Lyons - 2008 - Heterologous expression of human mPRα, mPRβ and mPRγ in yeast confirms their ability to function as membrane progesterone receptors
[2] Sumpter, Johnson (2008) Reflections on endocrine disruption in the aquatic environment
Liew et. al. - 2012 Polygenic Sex Determination System in Zebrafish
Hanna et al. - 2006 - Cell-surface expression, progestin binding, and rapid nongenomic signaling of zebrafish membrane progestin receptors alpha and beta in transfected cells
Reupke - 2011 - Detektion dopingrelevanter anaboler Steroide in Pferdeurin und Pferdeplasma mithilfe eines Reportergen-Assays in Hefezellen. (Detection of doping relevant anabolic steroids in horse urin and blood plasma using yeast reporter gene assays)
“Assault on the male”, BBC 1996. Video report http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkxIJJI37bQ
Dr. Volker Scheil, The impact of potential environmental stressors on early development and cellular and biochemical biomarkers in fish, Main research: Fish embryotoxicity, histopathology and stress protein (hsp 70) responses.
Harris et al. - 2011 - The consequences of feminization in breeding groups of wild fish
Liew et al. - 2012 - Polygenic Sex Determination System in Zebrafish
Sumpter, Johnson - 2008 - 10th Anniversary Perspective Reflections on endocrine disruption in the aquatic environment from known knowns to unknown unknowns (and many things in between)
Werner, Palace, Wautier - 2006 - Reproductive fitness of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of the potent estrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2) in a whole lake exposure experiment
Fenske, M., Maack, G., Schäfers, C., & Segner, H. (2005). An environmentally relevant concentration of estrogen induces arrest of male gonad development in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC, 24(5), 1088-98. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16110986 (kein PDF)
Schäfers, C., Teigeler, M., Wenzel, A., Maack, G., Fenske, M., & Segner, H. (2007). Concentration- and time-dependent effects of the synthetic estrogen, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, on reproductive capabilities of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A, 70(9), 768-79. doi:10.1080/15287390701236470
Segner, H., Caroll, K., Fenske, M., Janssen, C. R., Maack, G., Pascoe, D., Schäfers, C., et al. (2003). Identification of endocrine-disrupting effects in aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates: report from the European IDEA project. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 54(3), 302-14. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12651186 (kein PDF)
Hanna et al. - 2006 - Cell-surface expression, progestin binding, and rapid nongenomic signaling of zebrafish membrane progestin receptors alpha and beta in transfected cells
Thomas et al. - 2007 - Steroid and G protein binding characteristics of the seatrout and human progestin membrane receptor alpha subtypes and their evolutionary origins
Thomas - 2008 - Characteristics of membrane progestin receptor alpha (mPR ) and progesterone membrane receptor component 1 (PGMRC1) and their roles in mediating rapid progestin actions
Jessica L. Smith, Brian R. Kupchak, Ibon Garitaonandia, L. Kim Hoang, Andrew S. Maina, Lisa M. Regalla, and Thomas J. *Lyons - 2008 - Heterologous expression of human mPRα, mPRβ and mPRγ in yeast confirms their ability to function as membrane progesterone receptors

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