Team:Peking/Modeling/Phototaxis

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  <h3 id="title1">Summary</h3>
  <h3 id="title1">Summary</h3>
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Phototaxis is a light-control bio-system, whose input is the space-distribution of light. By comparison with chemotaxis system, phototaxis has much advantages for application.(see <a href="/Team:Peking/Project/Phototaxis">Phototaxis Page in Project</a>) We have constructed a simple phototaxis system coupling our <i>Luminesensor</i> with the expression level of cheZ protein. In order to confirm the macro light-control to our phototaxis system, we used the Mean-field PDE model. Later we managed to confirm these phenomena by tracing each cells in a micro way. We then did the related experiments to prove the effect of light in this simple system.
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Phototaxis refers to light-controlled motility, whose input is the space-distribution of light. We have constructed a simple phototaxis system coupling the <i>Luminesensor</i> with the expression level of CheZ protein. In order to verify our design, we used Mean-field PDE model. Later we managed to confirm these phenomena in Stochastic Simulation by tracing each cell.  
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  <h3 id="title2">Phototaxis System</h3>
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  <h3 id="title2">Phototaxis Pathway</h3>
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Our phototaxis system functions as <i>Stopping on Light and Running in Dark</i>. As the sketch of this phototaxis system shows (Fig. 1), Light activates the <i>Luminesensor</i> which represses the expression of the CheZ protein. CheZ inactivates CheY<sub>P</sub>, which changes the rotation direction of the flagellum by protein-protein interaction and makes the bacteria tumbling, and reduces the tumbling frequency therefore. Bacteria moves slow with high tumbling frequency and <i>vice versa</i>.
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Our phototaxis system functions as <i>Stopping on Light and Running in Dark</i>. As the sketch of this phototaxis system shows (Figure 1), Light activates the <i>Luminesensor</i> which represses the expression of the CheZ protein. CheZ inactivates CheY<sub>P</sub>, which changes the rotation direction of the flagellum by protein-protein interaction and makes the bacteria tumbling, and reduces the tumbling frequency therefore. Bacteria moves slow with high tumbling frequency and <i>vice versa</i>.
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   <img src="/wiki/images/6/65/Peking2012_PhototaxisPathway.png" alt="" style="width:500px;"/>
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   <img src="/wiki/images/f/fc/Peking2012_Modeling_CheZ_Network.png" alt="" style="width:500px;"/>
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   <p class="description">Figure 1. Phototaxis Pathway</p>
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   <p class="description"  style="width:260px;text-align:center;">Figure 1. Phototaxis Pathway</p>
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   <img src="/wiki/images/e/e0/Peking2012_Formula002.png" alt="" />
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   <img src="/wiki/images/e/e0/Peking2012_Formula002.png" alt="" style="width:300px;"/>
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  <p>where</p><ul><li>
  <p>where</p><ul><li>
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I : the current illuminance</li></ul>
I : the current illuminance</li></ul>
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Then CheZ dephosphorylates CheY<sub>P</sub> into CheY while CheA phosphorylates CheY back. The typical time of dephosphorylation by CheZ is around 0.5 second and the typical time of phosphorylation by CheA (independent from light) is around 0.05 second.<sup><a href="#ref1" title="Binding of the Escherichia coli response regulator CheY to its target measured in vivo by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Howard C. Berg, etc. PNAS">[1]</a></sup> By listing ODE equations, we can derive the equilibrium state of CheY<sub>P</sub> concentration as: <!--<a href="/Team:Peking/Modeling/Appendix/Phototaxis">(detail here)</a>-->
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Then CheZ dephosphorylates CheY<sub>P</sub> into CheY while CheA phosphorylates CheY back. The typical time of dephosphorylation by CheZ is around 0.5 second and the typical time of phosphorylation by CheA (independent from light) is around 0.05 second.<sup><a href="#ref1" title="Sourjik, V., et al.(2002) Binding of the Escherichia coli response regulator CheY to its target measured in vivo by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99(20): 12669: 12674">[1]</a></sup> By listing ODE equations, we can derive the equilibrium state of CheY<sub>P</sub> concentration as: <!--<a href="/Team:Peking/Modeling/Appendix/Phototaxis">(detail here)</a>-->
<!--
<!--
CheY + CheAp -kY-> CheYp + CheA
CheY + CheAp -kY-> CheYp + CheA
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   <img src="/wiki/images/d/d2/Peking2012_Formula001.png" alt="" />
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   <img src="/wiki/images/d/d2/Peking2012_Formula001.png" alt="" style="width:500px;" />
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  <p>where</p><ul><li>
  <p>where</p><ul><li>
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&gamma;<sub>Y</sub> : the decay rate constant of CheY<sub>P</sub></li></ul>
&gamma;<sub>Y</sub> : the decay rate constant of CheY<sub>P</sub></li></ul>
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CheY<sub>P</sub> can interact the flagellar motor to induce CW (clockwise) rotation. When flagellar motors rotate CCW (counterclockwise), they form a bundle to generate a force similar to a worm wheel. However, if some of the flagellar motors rotate CW (clockwise), the bundle breaks and the cell keeps tumbling. After in CW state for about 0.43s,<sup><a href="#ref2" title="Dependence of Bacterial Chemotaxis on Gradient Shape and Adaptation Rate, Nikita Vladimirov, etc. PLoS Computational Biology">[2]</a></sup> the flagellar motors return to CCW state and reconstruct the bundle to make the cell run. Since the CW state is triggered by CheY<sub>P</sub> molecule stochastically and is independent from its state history, this event is a typical <!--<a href="/Team:Peking/Modeling/Appendix/Stochastic">Possion Process</a>--> whose average frequency is determined by the concentration of CheY<sub>P</sub> with a Hill Function:<sup><a href="#ref3" title="An Ultrasensitive Bacterial Motor Revealed by Monitoring Signaling Proteins in Single Cells">[3]</a></sup>
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CheY<sub>P</sub> can interact with the flagellar motor to induce CW (clockwise) rotation. When flagellar motors rotate CCW (counterclockwise), they form a bundle to generate a force similar to a worm wheel. However, if some of the flagellar motors rotate CW (clockwise), the bundle breaks and the cell keeps tumbling. After in CW state for about 0.43s,<sup><a href="#ref2" title="2. Vladimirov, N., et al.(2008). Dependence of bacterial chemotaxis on gradient shape and adaptation rate. PLoS Comput. Biol., 4: e1000242">[2]</a></sup> the flagellar motors return to CCW state and reconstruct the bundle to make the cell run. Since the CW state is triggered by CheY<sub>P</sub> molecule stochastically and is independent from its state history, this event is a typical <!--<a href="/Team:Peking/Modeling/Appendix/Stochastic">Possion Process</a>--> whose average frequency is determined by the concentration of CheY<sub>P</sub> with a Hill Function:<sup><a href="#ref3" title="3. Cluzel, P., et al.(2000). An ultrasensitive bacterial motor revealed by monitoring signaling proteins in single cells. Science, 287: 1652: 1655">[3]</a></sup>
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  <h3 id="title3">Review</h3>
  <h3 id="title3">Review</h3>
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The relationship between average moving speed and lighting produces phototaxis function. Mechanism of speed change is related to the rotating direction of motors which determines the running state bias of the cell. The component of CheY<sub>P</sub> directly influence the motors and thus we show the relationship between [CheY<sub>P</sub>] and illuminance to present the model basis.
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The relationship between average moving speed and lighting produces phototaxis function. Mechanism of speed change is related to the rotating direction of motors which determines the running state bias of the cell. The component of CheY<sub>P</sub> directly influences the motors and thus we showed the relationship between [CheY<sub>P</sub>] and illuminance to present the model basis.
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<h3 id="title5">Reference</h3>
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<ul class="refer"><li id="ref1">
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1. Sourjik, V., <i>et al.</i>(2002) Binding of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> response regulator CheY to its target measured in vivo by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. <i>Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA</i>, 99(20): 12669: 12674
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2. Vladimirov, N., Lovdok, L., Lebiedz, D., and Sourjik, V.(2008). Dependence of bacterial chemotaxis on gradient shape and adaptation rate. <i>PLoS Comput. Biol.</i>, 4: e1000242
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  </li><li id = "ref3">
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3. Cluzel, P., Surette, M., and Leibler, S.(2000). An ultrasensitive bacterial motor revealed by monitoring signaling proteins in single cells. <i>Science</i>, 287: 1652: 1655
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Latest revision as of 05:04, 26 October 2012

Summary

Phototaxis refers to light-controlled motility, whose input is the space-distribution of light. We have constructed a simple phototaxis system coupling the Luminesensor with the expression level of CheZ protein. In order to verify our design, we used Mean-field PDE model. Later we managed to confirm these phenomena in Stochastic Simulation by tracing each cell.

Phototaxis Pathway

Our phototaxis system functions as Stopping on Light and Running in Dark. As the sketch of this phototaxis system shows (Figure 1), Light activates the Luminesensor which represses the expression of the CheZ protein. CheZ inactivates CheYP, which changes the rotation direction of the flagellum by protein-protein interaction and makes the bacteria tumbling, and reduces the tumbling frequency therefore. Bacteria moves slow with high tumbling frequency and vice versa.

Figure 1. Phototaxis Pathway

To simplify the calculation, we assume the CheZ component responses immediately. When light reaches the bacteria, the concentration of CheZ behaves as Hill Function:

where

  • [CheZ] : the concentration of CheZ
  • [CheZ]0 : the superior limit of CheZ concentration
  • I0 : the critical illuminance
  • I : the current illuminance

Then CheZ dephosphorylates CheYP into CheY while CheA phosphorylates CheY back. The typical time of dephosphorylation by CheZ is around 0.5 second and the typical time of phosphorylation by CheA (independent from light) is around 0.05 second.[1] By listing ODE equations, we can derive the equilibrium state of CheYP concentration as:

where

  • [CheYP] : the concentration of phosphorylated CheY
  • [CheAP] : the steady concentration of active CheA
  • [CheY]t : the total concentration of CheY
  • kY : the rate constant of CheY phosphorylation
  • kZ : the rate constant of CheY dephosphorylation
  • γY : the decay rate constant of CheYP

CheYP can interact with the flagellar motor to induce CW (clockwise) rotation. When flagellar motors rotate CCW (counterclockwise), they form a bundle to generate a force similar to a worm wheel. However, if some of the flagellar motors rotate CW (clockwise), the bundle breaks and the cell keeps tumbling. After in CW state for about 0.43s,[2] the flagellar motors return to CCW state and reconstruct the bundle to make the cell run. Since the CW state is triggered by CheYP molecule stochastically and is independent from its state history, this event is a typical whose average frequency is determined by the concentration of CheYP with a Hill Function:[3]

Review

The relationship between average moving speed and lighting produces phototaxis function. Mechanism of speed change is related to the rotating direction of motors which determines the running state bias of the cell. The component of CheYP directly influences the motors and thus we showed the relationship between [CheYP] and illuminance to present the model basis.

Reference

  • 1. Sourjik, V., et al.(2002) Binding of the Escherichia coli response regulator CheY to its target measured in vivo by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99(20): 12669: 12674
  • 2. Vladimirov, N., Lovdok, L., Lebiedz, D., and Sourjik, V.(2008). Dependence of bacterial chemotaxis on gradient shape and adaptation rate. PLoS Comput. Biol., 4: e1000242
  • 3. Cluzel, P., Surette, M., and Leibler, S.(2000). An ultrasensitive bacterial motor revealed by monitoring signaling proteins in single cells. Science, 287: 1652: 1655
  • Totop Totop

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