The modelling of our constructed sRNA is a vital part for evaluating hypotheses of how sRNA molecules interact with their target. One canonical approach for sRNA stability is to evaluate secondary structures by minimum free energy (MFE) approaches. This gives a pointer for approximating the probability of different kind of interactions.
Stabile structures prevents translation
A thermodynamic scheme of RNA interactions at different stages were made to show how an interaction between mRNA and sRNA could possibly work. So called toeholds are belived to play an important role in the interaction between sRNA and mRNA. [1]
Understanding the interaction between rna with different structures is a key to learn how to design a sRNA. Often the hybridization reaction between the sRNA and the mRNA starts with the unpaired sequences, the so called toeholds. To start a basepairing reaction, the sRNA needs a few basepairs to start hybridize to. The sRNA and the mRNA can then create a more stable secondary complex, hindering translation.
Reaction diagram sRNA
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The sRNA 17 and mRNA for the AAC(6)-UTR were first calculated in CLC main workbench separately, after that we calculated the interaction structure between them .
This is an idea of how a secondary complex can be created between the sRNA and mRNA.
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Using a native scaffold to stabilize the interactions
The wildtype small RNA of E.coli K-12 MG1655 that we used as a template for constructing our own smallRNA is named Spot42 and has been shown to be interacting with the Hfq protein.
Spot42 has like many other smallRNA, two distinctive parts. One that binds to a mRNA sequence, and another sequence that interacts with the Hfq-rna binding protein that is belived to play an important role in the function of smallRNA. (Holmquist, 2012)
Figure above. Panel A shows the secondary structure of scaffold
Spot42 and panel B shows a MMB generated three dimensional of
the Spot42 scaffold. HP1 and HP2 shows the positions of the two hairpins.
The secondary structure of the scaffold of Spot42 (figA) is known. However, no 3D structure of spot42 has been solved to date. We have generated a 3D structure from the information in the secondary structure with molecular dynamics software MacroMoleculeBuilder (MMB) [1] and the 3D structure of Spot42 scaffold is presented in figure B. MMB allows the user to have full control of the biomolecule (DNA, RNA and/or protein) by applying forces between atoms, constraints and flexibility to different parts of the biomolecule.
[3]
To gain better understanding of the mechanisms of small RNA translation inhibition we have made 2D models of all our found smallRNAs. The 2D models were calculated in CLC main workbench which uses adapted versions of maximum free energy algorithms developed by [2] and thermodynamical parameters of Mfold version 3.
IntaRNA, an RNA-interaction prediction software adapted for sRNA and ncRNA interactions [5] was used to predict the sRNA-mRNA interactions of the candidate sRNAs.
The sRNA were isolated, sequenced and analyzed to find the hybridizing base pairs. The sequencing of the sRNAs that showed downregulation of YFP also had a matching sequence in the 5’UTR of our target mRNA.
Altough, a few of the sRNA that downregulated YFP was shown to hybridize at the YFP mRNA region. Two of these were further studied and modelled. At last, a prediction of the structure between the sRNA UU17 and AAC(6’)UTR mRNA were modelled.
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As you can see below, our candidate sRNA that downregulate both the fluorescence and the antibiotic resistance gene also shows to hybridize at the region close to the RBS and the start codon. This supports the idea that many sRNA prevents the ribosome from binding to the RBS, and thereby preventing translation. [4]
Also our predictions data from CLC shows that the hybridizing area have a strong secondary structure, with small hairpin loops.
sRNA UU17
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∆G = -31.2 kcal/mol
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Length in base pairs = 82 bp
Number of hybridizing base pairs = 17
Maximum number of hybridizing bases in a row = 13
Result on Etest > 256 µg/ml
∆G = -14.3kcal/mol
SYFP2 downregulation = 78%
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sRNA UU37
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∆G = -31.9 kcal/mol
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Length in base pairs = 83 bp
Number of hybridizing base pairs = 24
Maximum number of hybridizing bases in a row = 7
Result on Etest = 64 µg/ml
∆G = -15.7 kcal/mol
SYFP2 downregulation: 82%
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sRNA UU46
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∆G = -28.7 kcal/mol
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Length in base pairs = 65 bp
Number of hybridizing base pairs = 8 bp
Maximum number of hybridizing bases in a row = 8 bp
Result on Etest > 256µg/ml
SYFP2 downregulation: 83%
∆G = -11.2kcal/mol
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sRNA UU55
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∆G = -31.2 kcal/mol
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Length in base pairs = 83
Number of hybridizing base pairs = 8
Maximum number of hybridizing bases in a row = 8
Result on Etest = 124 µg/ml
SYFP2 downregulation= 58%
∆G = -10.2kcal/mol
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Although a randomized library was used to find an optimized sRNA for the downregulation of sRNA, we asked ourselves how an sRNA with perfect complementarity to the RBS and UTR region would work. This complementary sRNA was synthesized and we tested its function.
The results were not simple to decipher, because it seems that the sRNA targets more than the AAC(6’) UTR. We got all sorts of different colonies and measurements of SYFP2 activity on the reporter strain. Some results showed a significant decrease in SYFP2 activity, while measurements of a different clone showed only moderate to non existing downregulation of SYFP2. In addition to this, the sRNA selected from the random library seemed to have secondary structure on the hybridizing part, while the optimal secondary structure of our perfectly matching sRNA is without any base pairing within the antisense region. This leads us to think that this sRNA is highly unstable and has unspecific base pair matching on the bacterial mRNA. The approach to construct a perfect complementary is maybe not the best way to make a working sRNA, because there are so many other mechanisms involved that are difficult to predict.
sRNA UU01
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∆G = -31.2 kcal/mol
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Length in base pairs = 83
Number of hybridizing base pairs = 8
Maximum number of hybridizing bases in a row = 8
Result on Etest = 124 µg/ml
∆G = -10.2kcal/mol
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AAC(6')-SYFP2 + sRNA UU17 interaction
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∆G = -23,4 kcal/mol
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∆G = -60,8 kcal/mol kcal/mol
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