Team:Valencia/genetic engineering

From 2012.igem.org

(Difference between revisions)
 
(34 intermediate revisions not shown)
Line 10: Line 10:
<div id="HomeCenterCenter">
<div id="HomeCenterCenter">
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
-
¿¿Nuestro objetivo y constructo final??<br><br>
+
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/f/fe/VLC_Synel.jpg"><img align="right" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/f/fe/VLC_Synel.jpg" style="margin-left: 10px;"></a>
-
Cyanobacteria are great organisms to be used in Synthetic Biology because of their ability to capture solar energy and CO2 and the fact that they can be easily genetically manipulated due to its small genome and their capacity to accept foreign DNA naturally.  For our project we have chosen the cyanobacteria <i>Synechococcus elongatus</i> for genetic engineering because is the model organism for studying some prokaryotic processes (there is a lot of information of how to transform it)  and in the last years it has become a model organism for some industrial processes, like biofuel production (Wang et al. 2012).<br><br>
+
<br><br>
-
S. elongatus has a circular genome of ≈2.7Mb (fully sequenced link a la base de datos) with a GC content of 55.5%, which contains the genes for 2.612 proteins and 53 RNAs (Atsumi et al. 2009).  
+
Cyanobacteria are great organisms to be used in Synthetic Biology because of their ability to capture solar energy and CO<sub>2</sub> and the fact that they can be easily genetically manipulated due to its small genome and their capacity to accept foreign DNA naturally.  For our project we have chosen the cyanobacteria <i>Synechococcus elongatus</i> (figure 1)  for genetic engineering because is the model organism for studying some prokaryotic processes (there is a lot of information of how to transform it)  and in the last years it has become a model organism for some industrial processes, like biofuel production (Wang et al. 2012).<br><br>
-
¿¿Nuestro objetivo y constructo final??<br><br><br><br>
+
<i>S. elongatus</i> has a circular genome of ≈2.7Mb (<a href="http://genome.kazusa.or.jp/cyanobase/SYNPCC7942" target=_blank"> fully sequenced </a>) with a GC content of 55.5%, which contains the genes for 2.612 proteins and 53 RNAs (Atsumi et al. 2009).  
 +
<br><br><br><br>
 +
<div align="right"><b>Figure 1: </b> <i>S. elongatus</i> PCC7942 </div>
 +
<br>
-
<strong>Transforming Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 for promoter characterization:</strong>
+
<h2><b>Transforming <i>S. elongatus</i> PCC7942 for promoter characterization:</b></h2>
<br><br>
<br><br>
-
Our main objective has been to characterize the psbAI promoter (link a submitted parts) of Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 in order to know more about its operation and understand  how this promoter would control our final  construct (link a prototipo) to have a diel switch of AHL, the signal molecule for our Aliivibrio fischeri population to glow.
+
Our main objective has been to characterize the <i>psbAI</i> promoter (<a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Valencia/Parts">Submitted parts</a>) of <i>Synechococcus elongatus</i> PCC7942 in order to know more about its operation and understand  how this promoter would control our final  construct (<a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Valencia/prototypes"> Designed parts</a>) to have a diel switch of AHL, the signal molecule for our <i>Aliivibrio fischeri</i> population to glow. <br><br>
-
To characterize this promoter we had two options:  making psbAIp: lacZ  fusions and monitored the β-galactosidase activity or making psbAIp: luxABCDE fusions and monitored the bioluminescence produced as a result of the promoter activation.  We refused to use a psbAIp::lacZ fusion because some assays report that the psbAI promoter response to light cannot be properly monitored by the β-galactosidase activity (Nair et al. 2001). For this reason we choosed using psbAIp:luxABCDE vector fusions.  With this aim, we cloned several fusion plasmids (pAM977 and pAM2195) in E. coli and transformed them into S. elongatus, both wildtype and cscB strain. The fusion vectors were provided by Susan Golden´s lab. <br><br>
+
To characterize this promoter we had two options:  making <i>psbAIp::lacZ</i> fusions and monitored the β-galactosidase activity or making <i>psbAIp::luxABCDE</i> fusions and monitored the bioluminescence produced as a result of the promoter activation.  We refused to use a <i>psbAIp::lacZ</i> fusion because some assays report that the <i>psbAI</i> promoter response to light cannot be properly monitored by the β-galactosidase activity (Nair et al. 2001). For this reason we choosed using vector fusions.  With this aim, we cloned several fusion plasmids (pAM977 and pAM2195, table 1) in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and transformed them into <i>S. elongatus</i>, both wildtype and cscB strain. The fusion vectors were provided by Susan Golden´s lab. <br><br><br>
-
+
<center><b>Table 1: </b> Information of the two vectors used for characterize the <i>psbAI</i> promoter</center>
-
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/f/fa/VLC_Tableplasmids.png"></center><br><br><br>
+
<center><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/f/fa/VLC_Tableplasmids.png"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/f/fa/VLC_Tableplasmids.png" width="600" height="180"></a></center><br><br><br>
-
<strong>Cloning into E. coli</strong>
+
<b>Cloning into <i>E. coli</i></b>
-
We successfully cloned all the vectors in DH5α E. coli strains. For E. coli transformation we used this protocol (link). For the selective selection for pAM977 we used ampicillin (1μl/ml) and for pAM2195 Chloramphenicol (0.7μl/ml). The lack of spectrophotometer or other apparatus to measure optical density in our lab impede us to determine the concentration of our vectors.<br><br>  
+
<br><br>
 +
We successfully cloned all the vectors in DH5α <i>E. coli</i> strains. For<i> E. coli</i> transformation we used this <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Valencia/Transforming_ecoli">protocol</a>. For the selective selection for pAM977 we used ampicillin (1μl/ml) and for pAM2195 (figure 2) Chloramphenicol (0.7μl/ml). The lack of spectrophotometer or other apparatus to measure optical density in our lab impede us to determine the concentration of our vectors.<br><br>
 +
<center><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/a/a2/VLC12_AM2195.png"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/a/a2/VLC12_AM2195.png"></a></center><br>
 +
<center><b>Figure 2: </b>pAM2195 vector</center>
 +
<br><br>
-
<strong>Transforming Coccus</strong>
+
<b>Transforming Coccus</b>
 +
<br><br>
Once cloned we transformed  a wild type strain provided from  the Physiology, Genetic and Microbiology departments of University of Alicante and the cscB strain provided from the Wyss Institute in Harvard.  
Once cloned we transformed  a wild type strain provided from  the Physiology, Genetic and Microbiology departments of University of Alicante and the cscB strain provided from the Wyss Institute in Harvard.  
-
As the cscB strain from Harvard was resistant to Cm, we only could transform it with the pAM977 plasmid, which gives Sp resistance. Wildtype was transformed with both plasmids (pAM977 and pAM2195)
+
As the cscB strain from Harvard was resistant to Cm, we only could transform it with the pAM977 plasmid, which gives Sp resistance. Wildtype was transformed with both plasmids (pAM977 and pAM2195).<br>
-
We used the following protocol to transform Synechococcus. <br><br>
+
We used the following protocol to transform <i>Synechococcus</i>: <br><br>
-
Protocol<br>
+
<br>
-
¿Link o esto?<br>
+
<b>Protocol</b>
 +
<br><br>
Extracted from Clerico et al. 2007:<br>
Extracted from Clerico et al. 2007:<br>
-
- We grew 100ml  of cscB and WT in BG-11 liquid medium (see how we grown them and our recipe here) shaking at 250rpm with constant light we used cold light fluorescent tubes (like this one). Cells had an optical density at 750nm (OD750) of 0.7, which is reach in 4 to 7 days approximately.<br>
+
<ul style="list-style-type: square"><br>
-
- We collected 15mL of the culture and centrifuge it at 6000g for 10 min and discarded the supernatant.<br>
+
<li>We grew 100ml  of cscB and WT in BG-11 liquid medium shaking at 250rpm with constant light we used cold light fluorescent tubes. Cells had an optical density at 750nm (OD750) of 0.7, which is reach in 4 to 7 days approximately.</li><br>
-
- We resuspended collected cells in 10 mL of 10mM NaCl and  centrifuge them again at 6000g for 10 min.<br>
+
<li>We collected 15mL of the culture and centrifuge it at 6000g for 10 min and discarded the supernatant.</li><br>
-
- After it, we resuspended the pellet in 0.3mL of BG-11M liquid medium.<br>
+
<li>We resuspended collected cells in 10 mL of 10mM NaCl and  centrifuge them again at 6000g for 10 min.</li><br>
-
- We added 2μl of pAM2195 and pAM977 after doing a Miniprep  of the clonation with a JetQuick kit (link al kit?)<br>
+
<li>After it, we resuspended the pellet in 0.3mL of BG-11M liquid medium.</li><br>
-
- Wrap tubes in aluminum foil to keep out light and incubate at 30oC for 15 to 20h with gentle agitation.<br>
+
<li>We added 2μl of pAM2195 and pAM977 after doing a Miniprep  of the clonation with a <i>JetQuick</i> kit </li><br>
-
- And then, plate the entire 0.3mL cell suspension on BG-11 medium agar (see here the recipe) with the selective antibiotics. We used this concentration:  2μg/ml spectinomycin and 7.5μg/mL of chloramphenicol. After 7 to 10 days of incubation under standard light conditions transformed colonies should appear.<br>
+
<li>Wrap tubes in aluminum foil to keep out light and incubate at 30oC for 15 to 20h with gentle agitation.</li><br>
-
- After colonies appearance pick single transformants and grow them on fresh liquid BG-11M agar plate with selective antibiotic (this is done to ensure that all colonies have incorporated the trans gene as S. elongatus has multiple copies of its chromosome).<br>
+
<li>And then, plate the entire 0.3mL cell suspension on BG-11 medium agar with the selective antibiotics. We used this concentration:  2μg/ml spectinomycin and 7.5μg/mL of chloramphenicol. After 7 to 10 days of incubation under standard light conditions transformed colonies should appear.</li><br>
-
- After 5 to 7 days of growth, cyanobacteria can be used to inoculate a BG-11 liquid culture with the selective antibiotic.<br><br>
+
<li>After colonies appearance pick single transformants and grow them on fresh liquid BG-11M agar plate with selective antibiotic (this is done to ensure that all colonies have incorporated the trans gene as S. elongatus has multiple copies of its chromosome).</li><br>
-
 
+
<li>After 5 to 7 days of growth, cyanobacteria can be used to inoculate a BG-11 liquid culture with the selective antibiotic.</li></ul>
-
<strong>Results</strong>
+
<br>
 +
<center><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/d/dd/VLC_transformingcoccus.JPG"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/d/dd/VLC_transformingcoccus.JPG" width="458" height="343"></a></center>
 +
<center><b>Figure 3: </b>A view of our transformed cells</center>
 +
<br>
 +
<b>Results</b>
 +
<br>
 +
We weren´t able to obtain transformants with the wild type strain of <i>S. elongatus</i>.
 +
But we obtained resistant colonies to Sp of the cscB strain transformed with the pAM977 vector (figure 4). This was achieved the last week of lab work, so due to the slowly growth rate of <i>S. elongatus</i>, we haven´t have the time to grow the transformants in liquid medium and start with the bioluminescence measures to characterize the promoter. However, we will try to have some results for the Jamboree concerning this part.
<br><br>
<br><br>
-
¿Fotos placas?
+
<center><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/a/a9/VLC_Transformant2.png"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/a/a9/VLC_Transformant2.png"></a></center>
-
We weren´t able to obtain transformants with the wild type strain of S. elongatus (razones?).  
+
<center><b>Figure 4: </b> pAM977 transformants</center>
-
But we obtained resistant colonies to Sp of the cscB strain transformed with the pAM977 vector (figure x). This was achieved the last week of lab work, so due to the slowly growth rate of S. elongatus, we haven´t have the time to grow the transformants in liquid medium and start with the bioluminescence measures to characterize the promoter. However, we will try to have some results for the Jamboree concerning this part.
+
<br><br>
<br><br>
-
Following steps?: Poner como habríamos medido la luminiscencia en caso de haber tenido crecimiento????
+
<h2><b>Transformation of <i>E. coli</i> for AHL production to test bioluminescent response in <i>A. fischeri</i>:</b></h2><br>
 +
Another part of our project included transforming <i>E. coli</i> with the registry part <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K084014"> BBa_K084014 </a> in order to make <i>E. coli</i> produce AHL under IPTG regulation to test the bioluminescent response in A. fischeri. To achieve this goal we cloned the part in DH5α <i>E. coli</i> strains using this <a href="https://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fpartsregistry.org%2FHelp%3ADistribution_Kits&h=oAQFOZXUl">protocol</a>(figure 5).  The part (869 bp) is included inside the pSB1A2 (2079bp) BioBrick.<br><br>
 +
<center><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/5/5a/VLC_Electroforesis23-08.png"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/5/5a/VLC_Electroforesis23-08.png"></a></center>
 +
<center><b>Figure 5:</b>The whole BBa_K084014 part has a size of 2948bp. </center>
 +
<br>
 +
We designed an experimental procedure to test different experimental conditions for the production of AHL.<br><br>
 +
<center><b>Table 2: </b> Experimental design for AHL production </center>
 +
<center><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/b/b3/VLC_TableIPTG.png"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/b/b3/VLC_TableIPTG.png" width="600" height="140"></a></center><br>
 +
 
 +
<br>When we wanted to test if <i>A. fischeri</i> was able to glow with the AHL produced by <i>E. coli</i> we discovered that the strain we had been growing in the lab was not <i> V. fischeri</i>, but <i>V.mediterrani</i> (GREAT!).<br>
 +
We will try to obtain <i>V. fischeri</i> as soon as possible to test this.<br>
 +
</p>
 +
<br>
 +
<h2><b>Building our BioBricks</b></h2>
 +
<br>
 +
<b><i>psbAI</i> BioBrick</b>
<br><br>
<br><br>
-
<strong>Transformation of E. coli for AHL production to test bioluminescent response in A. fischeri:</strong><br>
+
Our promoter with the aproppiate <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Help:Assembly_standard_25"> suffix and preffix </a> (289bp) was synthesized by Genscript and cloned into a puc57-Kan (2579bp) vector. We successfully digested the part and ligated it into the psb1C3 BioBrick from the parts registry (figure 6, 7 and 8). For this aim we followed the openwetware protocols, which you can find here. <br><br>
-
Another part of our project included transforming E. coli with the registry part BBa_K084014
+
-
(link) in order to make E. coli produce AHL under IPTG regulation to test the bioluminescent response in A. fischeri. To achieve this goal we cloned the part in DH5α E. coli strains using this protocol (link al registro que te dice como usar las partes) (figure 1). The part (869 bp) is included inside the pSB1A2 (2079bp) BioBrick.<br>  
+
-
We designed an experimental procedure to test different experimental conditions for the production of AHL.<br>
+
 +
<b>Complete Construct</b>
 +
<br><br>
 +
Our final objective is to have a S. elongatus capable to produce AHL during the night. For this we designed this new BioBrick controled by the psbAI promoter which is active in normal light conditions.<a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Valencia/prototypes"> Here </a> you will find all the information concerning the different parts of the BioBrick.<br>
 +
We successfully cloned all the parts in DH5α E. coli strains using this <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Valencia/Transforming_ecoli">protocol</a>. We used the <a href="http://ginkgobioworks.com/support/BioBrick_Assembly_Manual.pdf">BioBrick Assembly Manual</a> protocol to ligate our parts, but only were able to ligate the psbAI promoter to psb1C3.<br>
-
<br>When we wanted to test if A. fischeri was able to glow with the AHL produced by E. coli we discovered that the strain we had been growing in the lab WAS NOT VIBRIO FISCHERI, but VIBRIO MEDITERRANI, a non bioluminescent Vibrio strain (GREAT!).<br>
+
<center>
-
We couldn´t go further with this experiment.<br>
+
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/f/fc/DSC02872_VLC.jpg"> &nbsp; &nbsp;
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/6/6b/Electro_VLCXXX.jpg" width="350" height="270">
 +
</center>
 +
<center><b>Figures 6 & 7: </b> Succesfully we build our BioBrick. In the electrophoresis the band that corresponds to the part (3868bp) is the one surrounded with a red triangle </center>
 +
<br><br>
 +
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/c/ce/VLC_PsB1C3%2BpsbAI.png"></center>
 +
<center><b>Figure 8: </b> <i>psbAI</i> promoter inside the pSB1C3</center>
 +
<strong>References</strong>
 +
<hr><hr>
 +
<br>
 +
Atsumi, S., Higashide, W., and Liao, J. C. (2009) Direct photosynthetic recycling of carbon dioxide to isobutyraldehyde. <i>Nat Biotechnol</i>. 27:1177-1180<br><br>
 +
Clerico, E. M., Ditty, J. L. & Golden, S.S. (2007) Specialized Techniques for Site-Directed Mutagenesis in Cyanobacteria. <i>Methods in Molecular Biology.</i> 362:153–172.<br><br>
 +
Nair, U., Thomas, C. & Golden, S. S. (2001) Functional Elements of the Strong <i>psbAI</i> Promoter of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. <i>J. Bacteriology</i>, 183:1740–1747.<br><br>
 +
Wang, B., Wang J., Zhang, W. & Meldrum, D. R. (2012) Application of Synthetic Biology in cyanobacteria and algae. Frontiers in Microbiology, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00344<br><br>
</p>
</p>
</html>
</html>

Latest revision as of 03:52, 27 September 2012



Genetic Engineering




Cyanobacteria are great organisms to be used in Synthetic Biology because of their ability to capture solar energy and CO2 and the fact that they can be easily genetically manipulated due to its small genome and their capacity to accept foreign DNA naturally. For our project we have chosen the cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus (figure 1) for genetic engineering because is the model organism for studying some prokaryotic processes (there is a lot of information of how to transform it) and in the last years it has become a model organism for some industrial processes, like biofuel production (Wang et al. 2012).

S. elongatus has a circular genome of ≈2.7Mb ( fully sequenced ) with a GC content of 55.5%, which contains the genes for 2.612 proteins and 53 RNAs (Atsumi et al. 2009).



Figure 1: S. elongatus PCC7942

Transforming S. elongatus PCC7942 for promoter characterization:



Our main objective has been to characterize the psbAI promoter (Submitted parts) of Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 in order to know more about its operation and understand how this promoter would control our final construct ( Designed parts) to have a diel switch of AHL, the signal molecule for our Aliivibrio fischeri population to glow.

To characterize this promoter we had two options: making psbAIp::lacZ fusions and monitored the β-galactosidase activity or making psbAIp::luxABCDE fusions and monitored the bioluminescence produced as a result of the promoter activation. We refused to use a psbAIp::lacZ fusion because some assays report that the psbAI promoter response to light cannot be properly monitored by the β-galactosidase activity (Nair et al. 2001). For this reason we choosed using vector fusions. With this aim, we cloned several fusion plasmids (pAM977 and pAM2195, table 1) in Escherichia coli and transformed them into S. elongatus, both wildtype and cscB strain. The fusion vectors were provided by Susan Golden´s lab.


Table 1: Information of the two vectors used for characterize the psbAI promoter



Cloning into E. coli

We successfully cloned all the vectors in DH5α E. coli strains. For E. coli transformation we used this protocol. For the selective selection for pAM977 we used ampicillin (1μl/ml) and for pAM2195 (figure 2) Chloramphenicol (0.7μl/ml). The lack of spectrophotometer or other apparatus to measure optical density in our lab impede us to determine the concentration of our vectors.


Figure 2: pAM2195 vector


Transforming Coccus

Once cloned we transformed a wild type strain provided from the Physiology, Genetic and Microbiology departments of University of Alicante and the cscB strain provided from the Wyss Institute in Harvard. As the cscB strain from Harvard was resistant to Cm, we only could transform it with the pAM977 plasmid, which gives Sp resistance. Wildtype was transformed with both plasmids (pAM977 and pAM2195).
We used the following protocol to transform Synechococcus:


Protocol

Extracted from Clerico et al. 2007:

  • We grew 100ml of cscB and WT in BG-11 liquid medium shaking at 250rpm with constant light we used cold light fluorescent tubes. Cells had an optical density at 750nm (OD750) of 0.7, which is reach in 4 to 7 days approximately.

  • We collected 15mL of the culture and centrifuge it at 6000g for 10 min and discarded the supernatant.

  • We resuspended collected cells in 10 mL of 10mM NaCl and centrifuge them again at 6000g for 10 min.

  • After it, we resuspended the pellet in 0.3mL of BG-11M liquid medium.

  • We added 2μl of pAM2195 and pAM977 after doing a Miniprep of the clonation with a JetQuick kit

  • Wrap tubes in aluminum foil to keep out light and incubate at 30oC for 15 to 20h with gentle agitation.

  • And then, plate the entire 0.3mL cell suspension on BG-11 medium agar with the selective antibiotics. We used this concentration: 2μg/ml spectinomycin and 7.5μg/mL of chloramphenicol. After 7 to 10 days of incubation under standard light conditions transformed colonies should appear.

  • After colonies appearance pick single transformants and grow them on fresh liquid BG-11M agar plate with selective antibiotic (this is done to ensure that all colonies have incorporated the trans gene as S. elongatus has multiple copies of its chromosome).

  • After 5 to 7 days of growth, cyanobacteria can be used to inoculate a BG-11 liquid culture with the selective antibiotic.

Figure 3: A view of our transformed cells

Results
We weren´t able to obtain transformants with the wild type strain of S. elongatus. But we obtained resistant colonies to Sp of the cscB strain transformed with the pAM977 vector (figure 4). This was achieved the last week of lab work, so due to the slowly growth rate of S. elongatus, we haven´t have the time to grow the transformants in liquid medium and start with the bioluminescence measures to characterize the promoter. However, we will try to have some results for the Jamboree concerning this part.

Figure 4: pAM977 transformants


Transformation of E. coli for AHL production to test bioluminescent response in A. fischeri:


Another part of our project included transforming E. coli with the registry part BBa_K084014 in order to make E. coli produce AHL under IPTG regulation to test the bioluminescent response in A. fischeri. To achieve this goal we cloned the part in DH5α E. coli strains using this protocol(figure 5). The part (869 bp) is included inside the pSB1A2 (2079bp) BioBrick.

Figure 5:The whole BBa_K084014 part has a size of 2948bp.

We designed an experimental procedure to test different experimental conditions for the production of AHL.

Table 2: Experimental design for AHL production


When we wanted to test if A. fischeri was able to glow with the AHL produced by E. coli we discovered that the strain we had been growing in the lab was not V. fischeri, but V.mediterrani (GREAT!).
We will try to obtain V. fischeri as soon as possible to test this.


Building our BioBricks


psbAI BioBrick

Our promoter with the aproppiate suffix and preffix (289bp) was synthesized by Genscript and cloned into a puc57-Kan (2579bp) vector. We successfully digested the part and ligated it into the psb1C3 BioBrick from the parts registry (figure 6, 7 and 8). For this aim we followed the openwetware protocols, which you can find here.

Complete Construct

Our final objective is to have a S. elongatus capable to produce AHL during the night. For this we designed this new BioBrick controled by the psbAI promoter which is active in normal light conditions. Here you will find all the information concerning the different parts of the BioBrick.
We successfully cloned all the parts in DH5α E. coli strains using this protocol. We used the BioBrick Assembly Manual protocol to ligate our parts, but only were able to ligate the psbAI promoter to psb1C3.
   
Figures 6 & 7: Succesfully we build our BioBrick. In the electrophoresis the band that corresponds to the part (3868bp) is the one surrounded with a red triangle


Figure 8: psbAI promoter inside the pSB1C3
References


Atsumi, S., Higashide, W., and Liao, J. C. (2009) Direct photosynthetic recycling of carbon dioxide to isobutyraldehyde. Nat Biotechnol. 27:1177-1180

Clerico, E. M., Ditty, J. L. & Golden, S.S. (2007) Specialized Techniques for Site-Directed Mutagenesis in Cyanobacteria. Methods in Molecular Biology. 362:153–172.

Nair, U., Thomas, C. & Golden, S. S. (2001) Functional Elements of the Strong psbAI Promoter of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. J. Bacteriology, 183:1740–1747.

Wang, B., Wang J., Zhang, W. & Meldrum, D. R. (2012) Application of Synthetic Biology in cyanobacteria and algae. Frontiers in Microbiology, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00344