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Team:Valencia Biocampus/Ethics
From 2012.igem.org
Human Practices
In the "Talking life" project we did not only want to speak with bacteria, but we also wanted to speak with humans! The HP practices team identified some ethical and social issues that were relevant to our project. We wanted to
communicate such issues and discuss them with a broader peer community, with scientists and other citizens. We made a movie that we used as a vehicle to communicate those issues and to trigger public debate. Slide along the timeline to know the steps we followed in the course of our HP exercise:
If you are fond of our work on Human Practices, download our Ethical issues diary here!
Talking Life
Click here to watch the 10 minute film that we made in collaboration with Artefactando. We also acted in the movie and used it in our debates. Based on real ethical concerns but in the form of a fictional story. We envisaged a possible future applications for our talking bacterial cultures and we used the movie to generate debate. The movie initiates debate around three ethical issues: Could we use talking bacteria to care for others? Who should own living technologies? If bacteria can speak, can they also lie?
The film was projected and debated five times:
(1) France (Banyuls) to an audience of scientific European students, (2) Norway (Bergen), in front of a group of sociologists and ethics, (3) Barcelona, to a heterogeneous group of students and workers, (4) Valencia, in the cultural center named “Octubre” to a scientific public from professors and doctors to undergraduate students, and (5) in the scientific Campus of University of Valencia to a wide biology-related student audience.
If you are interested in how we did it or you want to know about the main ideas debated click in the different links that you can find above. To know more about other non-planned ethical aspects that came out to debate click here.
Below you can find the general analysis and conclusions we came up with from the five debates:
As a general commentary in all the debates, participants emphasized the novelty of synthetic biology. Consequently, it needs to be deeply studied in order to obtain as much information as possible on the many forms of risk it entails. This will enable more reliable characterizations of biological parts and processes. Statistical analyses to assess risk should be included. Participants with a background in biology stressed that such knowledge and studies are important, not the least because biological systems are far more unstable than classical engineering devices such as boats or bridges. They also pointed out that the only on the basis of knowledge and information on the risk entailed by new technologies, can good and robust decisions be made. On the basis of such information we can debate on good and bad uses and applications.
The importance of a transparent communication between scientists and the media was also stressed. People should have access to reliable and properly explained information, as they are the main stakeholders of the possible applications of synthetic biology.
Open source vs. monopolies was one of the most debated issues in all of our debates. Some people strongly believed that the sharing of knowledge was essential and should never be interrupted, as the availability of information helps to better develop and increase the speed of science. However, other people thought that having several companies competing to provide the same product or service favors the improvement of those products. Regardless of their opinion about open source resources, nearly everybody agreed that monopolization triggers hacking, which could bring devastating consequences, as we can see in our short dramatic movie “Talking Life”.
When asked about the possibility of talking bacteria telling lies in our project, we found that the audience did not believe that that the bacteria’s behavior was conscious, and neither did we. Rather, people understood that the bacteria’s “lying” behavior isled by a mechanism of evolutionary advantage (mutations). In this way it was emphasized that even if we can communicate with bacteria, they are not like humans. “Talking Life” is different from human communication; what kind of communication is this then? This was one of the implicit questions.
We would like to mention the particular case of the audience in Bergen, were the movie was also screened. Most of the attendants had a background in ethics, and they work professionally as ethicists. Probably for that reason, the discussion in this debate was rather different from the other debates in Spain and France as they focused on different themes. In Bergen, the participants gave more importance to the possibility that new devices could increase the isolation and feeling of loneliness of elderly or sick people. They also mentioned the role of the ambiguity of the role of the biohacker in the movie; on the one hand, she cares for the grandfather, but on the other hand, she and her family are rather absent from the caretaking.
After hearing, registering and analyzing such divergent opinions from different people, we reached some general conclusions. Science has the potential to create good and bad tools and applications. Thus, in addition to the role of bioethical committees, scientists hold inherent responsibilities for what they make, to a certain degree. Nevertheless, it is important to take into account that a potential bad use should not stop a great idea.
And last, but not least, we have to bear in mind that synthetic biology is a rather young science and has yet to be developed. Through our engagement with the public during these debates, we are able to bring new topics into the lab and see our science in a new light. As the Spanish poet Machado would say:
Integrated HP: Lying bacteria?
Since our project consists of talking with microorganisms, we asked ourselves the question “what would happen if they lied to us?” Not consciously, of course, but mutants who give different answers to the same question could be evolutionarily favored in a bacterial culture. Our HP team addressed this issue in an integrated fashion: both in public debates and in the lab. Our Human Practices team and topics play a central and integrated role in our iGEM project. Not only did we explore ethical concerns of our activity, but also we coordinated our work in the lab to test our “lying bacteria” vision. We addressed the questions above in two ways:1. Debating: We decided to shoot a short film to give insight and a jumping off point to our integrated vision. We discussed it with different audiences in public debates in three different European countries. We then analyzed their comments and response to the short film. We wanted to discuss ethical issues such as: What if this talking technology was used in everyday devices and they lied? How would people react to this? Should the blame be given to companies developing those devices? How frequently would mutants appear? Imagine that this technology was hackable. What ethical issues would arise?
2. Modeling and wetlab: Together with the modeling team, we carried out experiments in the wetlab to predict how often those liars or cheaters would appear in cultures and compared the fitness of cheaters against the original culture.
