The Glossary:

• The O-Key System -- Any orthogonal system containing a pair of orthogonal ribosome and mRNA
• The O-Key -- the orthogonal ribosome, which serves like a key to translation the orthogonal mRNA
• The O-Lock -- the orthogonal mRNA, which can only be deciphered by the O-Key.

Orthogonal System

Figure 1. Word "RNA" (from "http://www.mfpl.ac.at")

By rationally mutate the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) and anti-Shine-Dalgarno (ASD) sequence, we are able to take advantage of the interaction of mRNA and ribosome to build our O-Key System of orthogonal ribosome and orthogonal mRNA. Within this system, we constructed an operon containing RFP and GFP coding sequence to verify the orthogonality of the O-Key. By selectively mutate the SD sequence of RFP or GFP, we were able to establish four translation pathways to characterize the effect of the O-Key System. In addition, we set up a model to predict the output of GFP and RFP under various circumstances. The model calculates the ΔG of ASD and SD sequence binding, and make use of this energy to evaluate the feasibility and translation efficiency of our O-Key System. The model turned out to be highly convincing as it corresponds with our wet lab result. In the end, both the wet and dry lab results matches our design.

Genetic Pollution Prevention and Genetic Encryption

Aiming at preventing genetic pollution, we employed the O-Key System to establish a translational fence that can restrain unwanted protein expression. The convenience and effectiveness of the O-Key System will make it applied to a larger scale in genetic engineering. We predict different companies will embed the O-Key system in their various product to ensure biosafety. In the meantime, because the O-Key System includes a key and a lock, we can make use of this mechanism to encrypt information into cell or locking the product information. This characteristic showed a promising application in information encryption, intellectual property protection, etc. Furthermore, the O-Key System can be applied to the entire organism to construct an orthogonal organism. We began with the simplest creature - the phage, and worked on the RBS of its various protein. After mutation, the phage becomes a brand new orthogonal organism that can only infect the cells with orthogonal ribosomes. Using this O-Key Phage, we greatly reduce risk of phage pollution in the lab, while performing regular experiment using the phage. At last, a successful interdisciplinary model that combines marketing and bioengineering was constructed to predict the diffusion of exogenous gene across space and time. This creative model used the analogy of human society and bacteria colony to predict the speed and probability of genetic transfer.

Logic Metabolism Regulation

We describe the principles of Yeast Assembler, and specifically used this method to construct the gene needed to produce Violacein. Through such a experiment, we could also prove the feasibilities of orthogonal system in regulating metabolism. Furthermore, we talked about the application of And gate based on orthogonal system in adjusting metabolism.