Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Project/Appoach

The conventional methods of sewage treatment plants in order to take care of waste water are insufficient. This appears to be the case because the most common micro contaminants like synthetic Estrogen, Bisphenol A, Dicolfenac etc. are very difficult to break down. The goal of Bielefeld's iGEM team is to develope a biological filter-system using immobilized laccases for the purification of municipal and industrial waste water to get rid of these synthetic estrogens and other aromatic compounds. Laccases are copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in many organisms. One of their properties is the ability to degrade a wide range of aromatic and phenolic compounds. For this purpose, genes of various bacterial and eukaryotic laccases were isolated and expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris (see Fig. 1). The choice of the expression system was meanwhile dependent on the enzyme's glycosylation status.

Figure 1: The first steps of our project included the cloning, production and purification of the selected laccases from different organisms.

Isolation of laccase genes and generation of new BioBricks

The first step of our project was to isolate the specific laccase gene sequences and to generate new BioBricks for the iGEM competition. The laccases of the following organisms have been isolated:

Bacterial laccases from:

1. Escherichia coli
2. Bacillus halodurans
3. Bacillus pumilus
4. Streptomyces griseus
5. Streptomyces lavendulae
6. Thermus thermophilus
7. Xanthomonas campestris

Eukaryotic laccases from:

1. Arabidopsis thaliana
2. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus
3. Trametes versicolor
4. Trametes villosa

For more information about the organisms click here.

The essential parts which were used to design our functional plasmids and a new shuttle-vector-system are listed in the following table:

The choice for the expression system was determined by the folding and glycosylation status of the individual laccase. The resulting genetically modified organisms produced the laccases for our approach. In order to characterize the different laccases these enzymes have been isolated and purified.

Determining activity and potential of the different laccases

The next step to generate an efficient filter system was to characterize the purified laccases. To identify the potential of the laccases each of the enzymes was examined on its activity and potential to degrade several substances. The degradation potential of the manufactured laccases was determined representatively for substances that originate from different chemical groups, such as analgetics, endocrine substances, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and bleaching agents (see Fig. 2).

In our case we analyzed the specific laccases for their degradation efficiency while varying different parameters like temperature, pH value and buffer system. A great concern of our team is to guarantee the safety of the generated filter system. Besides the degradation potential, a very important aspect to us is the analysis of the degraded substances to ensure the harmlessness of the degradation result of an individual laccase. This was investigated and verified by HPLC-masspectroscopy (LC-ESI-qTOF-MS). With the help of this knowledge our aim was to identify the one laccase which shows the highest potential for a safe and highly functional filter system.

Figure 2: Representative substances from different chemical areas: endocrine substances (Estradiol, Ethynylestradiol, Estrone), Pesticides (Lindane), bleaching agent (Violuracid), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and analgetics (Diclofenac, Naproxen, Ibuprofen)

Immobilization and the final development of the filter

The last step for the realization of our project was to immobilize the produced laccase with the highest degradation potential. To generate a filter-system with a high yield of active and immobilized enzymes different approaches were tested. On the one hand we tried to immobilize the enzymes with a chemical immobilization protocol to bind the laccases covalently on special silica-beads (CPC silica beads). On the other hand we tried to generate an immobilization protocol by fusing the laccases to natural binding domains, such as the cellulose-binding-domain, the keratin-binding-domain or the chitin-binding-domain. By establishing a new protocol three different cellulose-binding-domains from the organisms Cellulomonas fimi, Clostridium josui and Clostridium cellulovorans were investigated (see Fig. 3). In a first step the binding-domains were linked to GFP (green fluorescent protein) in order to examine the strength of the binding and the binding-capacity. In the end the domains will be fused to the lacasses.

Figure 3:Immobilization strategies

The goal of the iGEM-Team Bielefeld was to generate a functional filter system with a high efficiency to degrade a high number of different micro contaminants. This filter system will be able to reduce the environmental pollution and improve the quality of the body water for the safety of animals and mankind.