Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg

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Biodetection of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is planned to be modifed in such a way that the yeast cell should function as a biosensor for the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG). This hormone is produced in the body during pregnancy and consequently, the idea is for the biosensor to function as a simple pregnancy test. To construct the biosensor, the Ste2 receptor in the yeast pheromone signaling pathway will be replaced with the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LH/CG), which is the receptor that hCG binds to with high affnity. The yeast strain that will be used contains a yeast/human chimeric Gα subunit, enabling coupling of the receptor with the pheromone pathway in yeast. Consequently, binding of hCG should result in activation of the pathway. The genes tnaA and fmo, encoding tryptophanase and flavin-containing monooxygenase respectively, will also be introduced into the yeast strain. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of tryptophan to indigo. tnaA will be set under the control of the pheromone-induced FIG1 promoter and fmo of the constitutive TEF1 promoter. Hence, detection of hCG should result in the production of bio-indigo. In order to ensure hCG to pass the yeast cell wall, the gene CWP2, encoding a cell wall protein, will also be deleted.

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone

The hormone of interest in detecting pregnancy is human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG), a member of the glycoprotein family <ref>Randeva HS, Jackson A, Karteris E, Hillhouse EW. hCG production and activity during pregnancy. Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review. 2001;12(3):191-208.</ref>. hCG binds to luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor localized on the yellow body that will after binding of hCG maintain progesterone production. The maintained level of progesterone stops menstrual bleeding and prepares the uterus lining for the implementation of the fertilized egg <ref>Racowsky C, Gelety TJ. The Biology of the ovary. In: Bittar EE, Bittar NE, editors. Reproductive Endocrinology and Biology vol.12. Madison; 1998. p. 77-102.</ref>. The term hCG actually refers to five independent molecules, all with various structure and biological function. The two dominating forms are regular hCG and hyperglycosylated hCG(H-hCG) but only regular hCG acts on the LH receptor and therefor will our biosensor only detect regular hCG <ref>Cole LA. hCG. Five independent molecules. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 2012;411(1-2):48-65.</ref>.

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 The hormone of interest in detecting pregnancy is human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG), a member of the glycoprotein family <ref>Randeva HS, Jackson A, Karteris E, Hillhouse EW. hCG production and activity during pregnancy. Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review. 2001;12(3):191-208.</ref>. hCG binds to luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor localized on the yellow body that will after binding of hCG maintain progesterone production. The maintained level of progesterone stops menstrual bleeding and prepares the uterus lining for the implementation of the fertilized egg <ref>Racowsky C, Gelety TJ. The Biology of the ovary. In: Bittar EE, Bittar NE, editors. Reproductive Endocrinology and Biology vol.12. Madison; 1998. p. 77-102.</ref>. The term hCG actually refers to five independent molecules, all with various structure and biological function. The two dominating forms are regular hCG and hyperglycosylated hCG(H-hCG) but only regular hCG acts on the LH receptor  and therefor will our biosensor only detect regular hCG <ref>Cole LA. hCG. Five independent molecules. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 2012;411(1-2):48-65.</ref>.
-== Luteinzing hormone receptor==
-The LH/CG receptor belongs to the family of G proteins-coupled receptors characterized by a extracellular domain, seven transmembrane domains and coupling to a G protein <ref>22</ref>. Several studies has investigated the hCG and LH/CG receptor interactons and it has showed that parts all over the receptor is important for ligand binding and signal transduction <ref>Ryu KS, Ji L, Chang L, Ji TH. Molecular mechanism of LH/CG-receptor activation. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1996;125(1-2):93-100.</ref>.
-The extracellular domains of the LH/CG receptor also contains six potential sites for glycosylation and some of the glycosylation sites may affect the intracellular transport, membrane insertion or recycling of the receptor <ref>Petäja-Repo UE, Merz WE, Rajaniemi HJ. Significance of the carbohydrate moiety of the
- rat ovarian luteinizing-hormone/chorionic-gonadotropin receptor for ligand-binding specificity and signal transduction. The Biochemical Journal. 1993;292(3):839-844.</ref>.
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