Team:Stanford-Brown/VenusLife/Introduction

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Introduction

Life in the Clouds

The surface of Venus constitutes perhaps the most hellish and biologically inhospitable places, boasting a pH of 0, blistering winds that can melt lead, and pressures of 60 atm. However, during the earlier years of the solar system, without the runaway greenhouse effect that has plagued the planet, Venus potentially housed oceans and perhaps even life. There is a possibility that microbes could have retreated into hospitable niches in the atmosphere, as suggested by Carl Sagan as early as 1967. 50 kilometers above the raging hell of the Venusian surface, exists a relatively temperate environment that might serve as reservoirs for life.

This astrobiology project seeks to explore life at the extremes and to theorize whether microbial communities could not only survive but also reproduce in the Venusian atmosphere. Specifically, we’re looking at life in the clouds: are aerosols viable microbial environments? Scientists have yet to confirm that this is the case on earth; while organisms have been found in clouds, aerosolized reproduction has not yet been observed. Therefore, we plan to suspend bacteria in aerosol using a modified Millikan Drop Apparatus and assay reproduction using fluorescent cell-cycle dependent reporters.

If aerosolized microbial reproduction is possible, we hope combine our results with Hell Cell to offer new insight into the viability of either engineered or naturally evolved life on the Evening Star.

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 == '''Life in the Clouds''' ==
-With acid rain of pH 0 and blistering winds that can melt lead, the surface of Venus is hellish, and one of the most hostile places for life. However, during the earlier years of the Solar System, when the sun was cooler and the greenhouse effect hadn’t run away, Venus potentially housed oceans and thus possibly life. As the planet warmed, such microbes could have retreated into hospitable niches in the atmosphere. Today, these temperate pockets of air, 50 kilometers above the raging hell below, might serve as reservoirs for life.
+The surface of Venus constitutes perhaps the most hellish and biologically inhospitable places, boasting a pH of 0, blistering winds that can melt lead, and pressures of 60 atm. However, during the earlier years of the solar system, without the runaway greenhouse effect that has plagued the planet, Venus potentially housed oceans and perhaps even life. There is a possibility that microbes could have retreated into hospitable niches in the atmosphere, as suggested by Carl Sagan as early as 1967. 50 kilometers above the raging hell of the Venusian surface, exists a relatively temperate environment that might serve as reservoirs for life.
-Our project seeks to explore life at the extremes, to theorize whether microbial communities might indeed persist in the Venusian atmosphere. We’re looking at life in the clouds: Are aerosols viable microbial environments, to not only survive but also thrive in? Already life is found in clouds here on Earth: Fungal spores and bacteria all have been found floating in the atmosphere. Starting with three of these most prevalent organisms—Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas syringae—we plan suspend them in aerosol using a modified Milikan Drop Aparatus and test for reproduction using fluorescent tags.
+This astrobiology project seeks to explore life at the extremes and to theorize whether microbial communities could not only survive but also reproduce in the Venusian atmosphere. Specifically, we’re looking at life in the clouds: are aerosols viable microbial environments? Scientists have yet to confirm that this is the case on earth; while organisms have been found in clouds, aerosolized reproduction has not yet been observed. Therefore, we plan to suspend bacteria in aerosol using a modified Millikan Drop Apparatus and assay reproduction using fluorescent cell-cycle dependent reporters.
-If reproduction proves viable, the conditions of nutrients, acidity, and temperature will be increased to simulate Venus, with the goal to hopeful test whether life—terrestrially engineered or extraterrestrially evolved—could possibly live on the Evening Star.
+If aerosolized microbial reproduction is possible, we hope combine our results with Hell Cell to offer new insight into the viability of either engineered or naturally evolved life on the Evening Star.