Project Overview

Toxins In Our Environment

During petroleum extraction and refinement, many toxic compounds are produced. These have become a huge problem in our society resulting in land, water, and air contamination. The toxins consist of a variety different types of compounds. Air contaminants consist of NO_x (nitrogen containing compounds) and SO_x (sulfur containing compounds) which contribute to a variety of environmental issues including green house gas accumulation and acid rain (Schneider, 2006; Environmental protection agency, 1999). Similarly water contaminants often consist of complex mixtures of compounds including highly toxic phenols and aromatic compounds, corrosive and additionally toxic carboxylic acid containing compounds, sulfur, and nitrogen containing compounds. These often have complex structures and cause acute toxicity to wild life. Classical examples of water contamination include tailing ponds produced from the oil extraction process. Finally, land areas can become contaminated as a result of these toxic compounds leaching into ground water sources, spills or accidental release of waste products into the environment, and other ways.

Figure 1: Environmental toxins contaminate air, water, and land masses. These can consist of various compounds which could be divided into sulfur, nitrogen, carboxylic acid, and phenolic based compounds. What can we do to solve this problem?

Synthetic Biology As A Platform For Remediation

Presently, there are a variety of solutions to remove these compounds from the environment. This has been facilitated by stricter regulations from government bodies as well as better chemical and physical techniques for reducing the release of these compounds. Toxins which are released into the environment can be removed using various chemical agents or by physically removing contaminated soil or water areas and storing these products in contained areas(Scott et al. 2005). However there is still no efficient, environmentally friendly mechanism for this to occur. What needs to occur in order to better remediate these toxin's from the environment? We require a method to be able to easily detect where toxins are and also have a system for remediating them. Microorganisms in the environment have evolved to be able to do both of these functions, responding to compounds in their environment and transform them into other products. Therefore we can harness these abilities to apply synthetic biology to these problems.

What if we could detect toxins in our environment using a synthetically engineered organism? What if we could use a second organism to take these compounds and not only degrade them but convert them into useful compounds like hydrocarbons!

Introducing...

Figure 2: Introducing our dynamic duo FRED and OSCAR! This biosensor/bioreactor team is ready to detect and remediate toxins in the environment. Not only can OSCAR break down toxic carboxylic acid containing compounds such as naphthenic acids, but we also demonstrated that he can turn them into functional hydrocarbons!

We would like to introduce FRED and OSCAR! Our dynamic biosensor/bioreactor duo designed to be able to detect toxic compounds such as the ones illustrated above in liquid waste and contaminated waters and also be able to convert these toxic components into useable hydrocarbons. FRED or the Functional Robust Electrochemical Detector, is capable of detecting various toxic components through an electrochemical response at the same time. We illustrated how this sensor could work by showing that it has the potential to detect toxins in contaminated water. Additionally, we developed a minaturized circuit for a prototype, validated that this device worked in the wetlab, and designed our own software available to everyone to be used with a home made potentiostat.

OSCAR or the Optimized System for Carboxylic Acid Remediation is designed specifically to target naphthenic acids (NAs) the carboxylic acid containing compounds in the tailing ponds for their degradation. Using the PetroBrick (BBa_K590025) we were able to convert various different naphthenic acid based compounds into their hydrocarbon analogs. Additionally, we wanted to be able to degrade other toxic components of tailings so we used the xylE gene in order to cleave catechol, an abundant intermediate in many toxic areas. Not only did we set out to break down catechol but we attempted to see if we could further reduce the toxicity of the catechol breakdown product through use of the petrobrick. FILL THIS IN DEPENDENT ON CATECHOL ASSAY DATA TONIGHT!

Taking A Step Back - Human Practices Inspired Our Project!

Before starting our project, the Calgary iGEM team felt it would be important to answer a few questions about how FRED and OSCAR could be applied into the oil and gas sector.

Would oilsands industry be interested in a biosensor and bioreactor for remediation purposes? Yes! In fact, our meeting with the Oilsands Leadership Initiative (OSLI) has led us to believe that industry is interested in potentially using synthetic biology for remediation of toxins.

What would people think about using synthetic biology in the oilsands? Do they have any concerns about its implementation? We went to talk to two professionals related to biotechnology and ecological development in Alberta. Both of them made it clear that while the concept sounds great its important that we keep in mind the safety and ethics of our project.

How can OSCAR and FRED be designed with safety in mind? From our various conversations our team looked towards both physical and genetic design considerations to ensure that both FRED and OSCAR were designed form the beginning in a safe and functional way. This involved developing biosensor and bioreactor containment devices as well as kill switch.

How can we teach people more about FRED, OSCAR, and Synthetic Biology? From our interviews it was clear that not many people knew much about synthetic biology or its applications in the oil and gas sector. For this we partnered with the Telus Spark Centre, the local Science Centre in Calgary to help communicate synthetic biology to them. We also developed a video game that we took to the centre and better educated adults and kids on synthetic biology!