Team:UTP-Software/HumanPractice

Bioinformatics is a new discipline that addresses the need to manage and interpret the data that in the past decade was massively generated by genomic research. This discipline represents the convergence of genomics, biotechnology and information technology, and encompasses analysis and interpretation of data, modeling of biological phenomena, and development of algorithms and statistics.

Bioinformatics is by nature a cross-disciplinary field that began in the 1960s with the efforts of Margaret O. Dayhoff, Walter M. Fitch, Russell F. Doolittle and others and has matured into a fully developed discipline. However, bioinformatics is wide-encompassing and is therefore difficult to define. For many, including myself, it is still a nebulous term that encompasses molecular evolution, biological modeling, biophysics, and systems biology. For others, it is plainly computational science applied to a biological system.

Bioinformatics is also a thriving field that is currently in the forefront of science and technology. Our society is investing heavily in the acquisition, transfer and exploitation of data and bioinformatics is at the center stage of activities that focus on the living world. It is currently a hot commodity, and students in bioinformatics will benefit from employment demand in government, the private sector, and academia.

With the advent of computers, humans have become ‘data gatherers’, measuring every aspect of our life with inferences derived from these activities. In this new culture, everything can and will become data (from internet traffic and consumer taste to the mapping of galaxies or human behavior). Everything can be measured (in pixels, Hertz, nucleotide bases, etc), turned into collections of numbers that can be stored (generally in bytes of information), archived in databases, disseminated (through cable or wireless conduits), and analyzed. We are expecting giant pay-offs from our data: proactive control of our world (from earthquakes and disease to finance and social stability), and clear understanding of chemical, biological and cosmological processes. Ultimately, we expect a better life. Unfortunately, data brings clutter and noise and its interpretation cannot keep pace with its accumulation.

One problem with data is its multi-dimensionality and how to uncover underlying signal (patterns) in the most parsimonious way (generally using nonlinear approaches. Another problem relates to what we do with the data. Scientific discovery is driven by falsifiability and imagination and not by purely logical processes that turn observations into understanding. Data will not generate knowledge if we use inductive principles.

The gathering, archival, dissemination, modeling, and analysis of biological data falls within a relatively young field of scientific inquiry, currently known as ‘bioinformatics’, ‘Bioinformatics was spurred by wide accessibility of computers with increased compute power and by the advent of genomics. Genomics made it possible to acquire nucleic acid sequence and structural information from a wide range of genomes at an unprecedented pace and made this information accessible to further analysis and experimentation. For example, sequences were matched to those coding for globular proteins of known structure (defined by crystallography) and were used in high-throughput combinatorial approaches (such as DNA microarrays) to study patterns of gene expression. Inferences from sequences and biochemical data were used to construct metabolic networks.

These activities have generated terabytes of data that are now being analyzed with computer, statistical, and machine learning techniques. The sheer number of sequences and information derived from these endeavors has given the false impression that imagination and hypothesis do not play a role in acquisition of biological knowledge. However, bioinformatics becomes only a science when fueled by hypothesis-driven research and within the context of the complex and everchanging living world. The science that relates to bioinformatics has many components. It usually relates to biological molecules and therefore requires knowledge in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, molecular evolution, thermodynamics, biophysics, molecular engineering, and statistical mechanics, to name a few. It requires the use of computer science, mathematical, and statistical principles. Bioinformatics is in the cross roads of experimental and theoretical science. Bioinformatics is not only about modeling or data ‘mining’, it is about understanding the molecular world that fuels life from evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. It is truly inter-disciplinary and is changing. Much like biotechnology and genomics, bioinformatics is moving from applied to basic science, from developing tools to developing hypotheses.