From 2012.igem.org

Welcome to the University of Carnegie_Mellon 2012 iGEM Team Wiki!

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Contents 1 Introduction: Global problems 2 Primary Objective: A single sustainable bacterial solution 3 Secondary Objective: Solving vitamin A deficiency in the developing world 4 Further Considerations

Introduction: Global problems

• It has been predicted that by 2015 supplies of easy-to-access oil and natural gas will no longer keep up with demand. This prediction is based on the current rate of consumption, but this is expect to increase. The repercussions of this are already being felt on a global level with food prices rising.

• The burning of fossil fuels is also fuelling global warming. This is having negative effects on crop yields worldwide, with longer droughts occurring year on year, especially in Africa and Australia. The melting of the polar ice-caps which accompanies this will raise sea-levels, inundating currently arable land, reducing the land available for an ever enlarging world population.

• At present the major alternative to fossil fuel use for transport comes from ethanol fermented from starch and sugar in sugar cane and soy bean. These biofuel crops are being grown in areas previously used for food crops or in previously pristine natural environments, and thus are unsustainable.
  

All this is burdening the global economy and destroying lives, and worse is likely to come.

Wouldn't it be brilliant if we could do something to counter this trend?

This is what the Carnegie_Mellon 2012 iGEM team have been trying to do. - The rising cost of food coupled to the current unsustainability of human activity makes this the perfect time to contemplate the restructuring of global agriculture.

Primary Objective: A single sustainable bacterial solution

We have been investigating engineering bacteria to produce starch from the cellulose in waste biomass (that is agricultural waste, wood chippings, waste from paper production etc.). This starch could be:

1. sold to the biofuels industry for conversion to ethanol
2. used as feed for livestock
3. used as a starch supplement in the human diet if needed.

This will reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and free up agricultural land for the growth of food crops, ultimately putting less strain on ecosystems.

Secondary Objective: Solving vitamin A deficiency in the developing world

We have also been continuing the work of our 2007 team in engineering Escherichia coli to produce the vitamin A precursor β-carotene. Vitamin A is required for vision and a healthy immune system. 250,000-500,000 children in the developing world lose their vision each year, half of them dying within 12 months of this (WHO).

Further Considerations

In the pursuit of our project, as well as the biological aspects, we:

• considered aspects of scale-up, including the ethical, legal and social implications of our potential final product, MicroMaize,
• programmed a new piece of software for use in metabolic modelling,
• developed and tested a number of new techniques to make the process of creating BioBricks^TM that little bit easier,
• collaborated with the University of Guelph team, sharing carotenoid synthesis genes, flux modulators, and gram positive plasmids.

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