Team:LMU-Munich/Spore Coat Proteins

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Sporobeads - what protein do you want to display?

What are Sporobeads?

Introduction to Sporobeads

Sporobeads are Bacillus subtilis spores modulated in a way that they can be used as a platform for individual protein display. The aim of this module is to create these spores that display fusion proteins on their surface. There are several different proteins forming the spore coat layers of B. subtilis spores (Fig. 1). The outermost layer, the so-called spore crust, is composed of two proteins, CotZ and CgeA ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=imamura%20et%20al.%202011%20spore%20crust Imamura et al., 2011]). This is why we used them to create functional fusion proteins to be expressed on our Sporobeads.

Fig. 1: Composition of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=mckenney%202010%20spore%20crust McKenney et al., 2010] & [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=imamura%20et%20al.%202011%20spore%20crust Imamura et al., 2011])

The gene cgeA is located in the cgeABCDE cluster and is expressed from its own promoter P_cgeA. The cluster cotVWXYZ contains the gene cotZ which is cotranscribed with cotY and expressed from the promoter P_cotYZ. Another promoter of this cluster, P_cotV, is responsible for the transcription of the other three genes (Fig. 2). Those three promoters were evaluated with the lux reporter genes ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K823025 pSB_Bs3C-luxABCDE]) to analyze their strength and the time point of their activation (see data).

Fig. 2: Gene clusters of cotZ and cgeA

Based on this data, two of the three promoters could be used for expression of spore crust fusion proteins (Fig. 3). First, we used [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K823039 gfp] as a proof of principle and fused it to cgeA and [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K823031 cotZ]. This way, we can determine if it is possible to display proteins on the spore crust and if their expression has any effect on spore formation.

We constructed the BioBricks for cotZ, cgeA and gfp in [http://partsregistry.org/Help:Assembly_standard_25 Freiburg Standard]. The cotZ gene was then fused to its two native promoters, P_cotV and to P_cotYZ, and P_cgeA, which regulates the transcription of cgeA. For cgeA we only used its native promoter P_cgeA and the stronger one of the two promoters of the cotVWXYZ cluster, P_cotYZ (for more details see crust promotor evaluation). In addition [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K823039 gfp] was ligated to the [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_B0014 terminator B0014]. After sequence confirmation, we fused the cgeA/cotZ- and gfp-constructs together, applying the [http://partsregistry.org/Help:Assembly_standard_25 Freiburg standard] to create in-frame fusion proteins. This way, we created C-terminal gfp fusion to both spore crust proteins flanked by the promoters and terminator above (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4: Section of the genome of B. subtilis with the various integrated constructs.

But as we did not know if C- or N-terminal fusion would influence the fusion protein expression, our second aim was to construct N-terminal fusion proteins as well. For this purpose we wanted to fuse the genes for the crust proteins cotZ and cgeA to the terminator and gfp to the three chosen promoters. Unfortunately, there occured a mutation in the XbaI site during construction of gfp in Freiburg Standard. Therefore we were not able to finish these constructs. Finally we needed to clone our constructs into an empty Bacillus vector, so that they could get integrated into the genome of B. subtilis after transformation. For that purpose, we picked the empty vector pSB_BS1C from our BacillusBioBrickBox, for the cotZ constructs. This vector integrates into the amyE locus, which allows to easily check the integration by starch test. In order to also express both crust protein constructs in one strain, the cgeA fusion proteins had to be cloned into another empty vector, pSB_BS4S. Unfortunately, for unknown reasons, the cloning of the constructs with cgeA into this vector has so far not been successful.

But we were able to finish five constructs and integrated them into wild type W168 and the ΔcotZ mutant:

Finally, we started with the most important experiment for our GFP-Sporobeads, the fluorescence microscopy. We developed a sporulation protocol (for details see Protocol for enhancement of mature spore numbers) that increases the rates of mature spores in our samples. The cells were fixed on agarose pads and investigated by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy. While spores of the wild type only showed the known background fluorescence, all Sporobeads showed bright green fluorescence at the edge (on the surface) of the spores. Sporobeads from strain B 53 (containing the P_cotYZ-cotZ-2aa-gfp-terminator construct) showed the highest fluorescence intensity (see Fig. 5 and all data). Hence, this strain was chosen for further experiments.

Fig. 5: Fluorescence of wild type spores and B53-Sporobeads (containing the PcotYZ-cotZ-gfp-terminator construct)

Since there were still some vegetative cells left after 24 hours of growth in Difco Sporulation Medium, we wanted to purify the Sporobeads. We tried three different methods for this approach: treatment with French Press, sonification and lysozyme. By means of the microscopy results we were able to conclude that lysozyme treatment was the only successful method (see data). Additionally, this treatment did not harm the crust fusion proteins as green fluorescence was still detectable afterwards (see data for details).

Moreover, we wondered if clean deletions of the native spore crust genes would show any difference in fusion protein expression in our Sporobeads. Thus, we deleted the native cotZ and cgeA using the pMAD based gene deletion strategy described by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedterm=New%20Vector%20for%20Efficient%20Allelic%20Replacement%20in%20Naturally%20Nontransformable%2C%20Low-GC-Content%2C%20Gram-Positive%20Bacteria Arnaud et al., 2004].

Because of the low but distinct fluorescence of wild type spores, we measured and compared the fluorescence intensity of 100 spores per construct (see data). We obtained significant differences between wild type spores and all of our Sporobeads (see data). The intensity bar charts in Fig. 6 show the fluorescence intensity, while the 3D graphs illustrate the distribution of fluorescence intensity across the spore surface. This correlates with the localization of our fusion proteins in the crust. For image analysis we measured the fluorescence intensity of an area of 750 pixel per spore by using ImageJ and evaluated the results with the statistical software R. The following graph (Fig. 6) shows the results of microscopy and ImageJ analysis of the strongest construct integrated into wildtype W168 (B53) and the deletion strain B 49 (B70).

Fig. 6: Result of fluorescence evaluation of the three strains W168, B53 and B70.

As shown in Fig. 6, the wild type spore has hardly any fluorescence, whereas both Sporobeads with the integrated construct pSB_Bs1C-P_cotYZ-cotZ_-2aa-gfp-terminator give a distinct fluorescence signal around the edge of the spore. Furthermore, it demonstrates that strain B 70 has the highest fluorescence intensity.

In summary we successfully developed functional sporobeads that are capable of displaying any protein of choice on the surface of modified B. subtilis endospores.

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