E.coli which kill cancer cells.

http://partsregistry.org/wiki/images/1/1d/Biosafety_Level1.png Biosafety Level 1

1.Overview

The cancer is top of the cause of death in Japan. And the number of death by cancer are increasing over the world. Even though reseachers study the treatment of cancer strenuously, there are no critical method. We still need early detection and treatment of cancer.

So,we would like to be help treatment of cancer through this project.

2.The immune system to cancer cells

Our immune system have an ability to kill cancer cells with complex process. The system is called immunological surveillance. Cancer cells make cancer-associated antigen which was not expressed by nomal cells. If the antigen is expressed with MHC classⅠ, killer T cells eliminate cancer cells by recognizing MHC classⅠ.

However cancer cells attract regulatory T cells to avoid lymphocytes attacking.Regulatory T cells have receptor called CCR4 which accept chemokine 22(CCL22) which was secreted by cancer cells.

When CCR4 combine with CCL22, regulatory T cells move to cancer cells. and attracted regulatory T cells inactivate helper T cells and killer T cells.

Such a mechanism make lose the capital components of immune response towards tumor compromise.

Natural killer cell is a kind of immune cells participating in an immune system. NK cells have some receptor on the membrane surface, and one of those is the membrane protein called NKG2D. NKG2D can receive stress protein which is called MICA. MICA express the membrane of cancer cells.

fig1

NKG2D is a receptor of MICA which is a stress protein. MICA exist on the surface of the membrane cancer cells.(fig1)

We thought that E.coli could be combined with a cancer cell by recombinant NKG2D in E.coli.

We make use of these mechanisms. We constructed a stain of E.coli which has cancer killer ability.The design of the experiment was described below.

3.The details of our project

3-1,Chemotaxis to CCL22

The signal transduction mechanism of prokaryote and eukaryote about chemotaxis is radically different.

CCR4 is G protein?coupled receptor (GPCR) from human. E.coli don’t have chemotaxis to CCL22 even though we make E.coli express CCR4 because of diffrent of signal transduction. So, we focus on aspartate receptor (Tar). Tar is chemotaxis receptor of E.coli. which cause chemotaxis to aspartic acid. We design the part which consist of transmembrane (Helical1~7) of CCR4 and cytoplasmic of tar. We call this part CCR4-Tar. When this part combine CCL22, E.coli go to cancer cells.(fig2,3,4)

fig2

fig3

3-2.Combination with cancer cells

Membrane protein NKG2D expression in E.coli is receptive MICA.MICA is a material that is produced by tumor specifically. And the signal induce production azurin,and tumor is destroyed by azurin!

Human NK cell express NKG2D, and can receptive MICB etc.

However cancer cell have protective system against immunity, for example human NK cell.

For that reason NK cell can’t destroy effectively cancer.

fig4

3-3 When MICA is recepted by NKG2D , How E.coli product Azurin?

Menbrane protein EnvZ cascade, E.coli has it orijinall, as a osmolality sensor was used for the system what product Azurin by a signal for NKG2D.

EnvZ perceive osmolality shift, and control expression of membrane protein OmpF and OmpC on the gene level.(fig5,6)

Histidine which intracellular part of EnvZ is phosphorylated by ATP when the factor of osmolality shift is receptived to EnvZ. Then OmpR that is activator enhance OmpC.(fig7)

We applied the cascade to produce Azurin.

We designed that azurin is produced by converting OmpC part to gene of azurin when MICA bond with NKG2D-EnvZ.

fig5

fig6

3-4 The system of destroying cancer by Azurin

Azuirn is water solubility copper protein that is isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

And 14kDa molecular weight.

This protein forms a complex p53 that is transcription activation factor relate apoptosis, and suppress degradation of p53.

The reaction induce DNA fragmentation.

fig7