Team:TU-Delft/Modeling/StructuralModeling

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<h2>Structural Modeling</h2>
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<p>In order to engineer a yeast strain that is able to detect a tuberculosis (TB) molecule, its receptor should be designed in such a way that the molecule can act as an agonist. By modeling the olfactory receptor in silico, its biophysical and biochemical properties are investigated at the molecular level.  The aim is to get a clear understanding of how a ligand binds in the receptor and how to mutate the binding niche to let it bind more specifically.</p>

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The main chemical compound that we want to ac like an agonist, is methyl nicotinate (figure 1a), which is very close related to the agonist of the niacin receptor, niacin (figure 2). 
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/7/78/All_compounds.png" rel="lightbox" title="AllCompounds">
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<h6>Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in the breath of a TB-patient.[1] Methyl nicotinate (a), methyl phenylacetate (b), methyl p-anisate (c) and o-phenylanisole (d)</h6>

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<p>By reprogramming the binding niche of the niacin receptor, also known as GPR109A, an olfactory receptor for methyl nicotinate could be engineered.</p> 

<p>To get a more reliable diagnose whether a patient has TB, receptors for the remaining ligands (figure 1a-d) should be designed, synthesized and integrated in the membrane of the yeast-strain.  Therefore, during this project, there has been an effort in designing a receptor for another ligand to improve the diagnostic result. The compound methyl phenylacetate is closely related to isoamylbenzoate, which gained a higher affinity to the hOR2AG1 receptor after reprogramming the selectivity filter.[2] By mutating more amino acids in the binding cavity, a binding niche for methyl phenylacetate could be constructed.</p>

<p>The structural modeling of this iGEM-project was based on the method of using the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin receptor as a template for our olfactory receptors, as described earlier.[2] In contrast to the protein modeling software used in this paper, during this project the software YASARA was used for this purpose, mainly because of its many features like Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, docking ligands in a specific niche, etc.</p>

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<h3>Modeling approach</h3>
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<p>Below is the initial modeling approach described, applied to all olfactory receptors used in our research, unless written otherwise.</p>

<p>1.	Firstly, the <i>in silico</i> simulations have to be redone in YASARA in order to produce similar results as reported.[2] This involves the modeling of the olfactory receptor hOR2AG1 by using the crystal structure of the bovine rhodopsin and altering the alignment between the two sequences, by swapping amino acids.
Define the binding cavities of the receptor and examine if it is similar. Run a 10 ns MD without any ligand and analyze if the binding niche shrinks in volume.</p> 

<p>By docking the ligand amyl butyrate, used in the paper, in the binding niche of the hOR2AG1 olfactory receptor, and providing similar results as described, provides a conformation that YASARA is indeed applicable to the structural modeling. Executing a 10 ns MD on the vertical configuration of amyl butyrate and analyzing how well the hydrogen bonds are preserved, should give more insight in the reliability of the program.</p>

<p>2.	The rGPR109A and hOR1G1 receptors with their rI7 flanks were modeled in the same manner as with the hOR2AG1 protein. The 'wildtype' rGPR109A, hGPR109A, hOR1G1 and I7 receptors underwent the same procedure. Also, the hOR2AG1 receptor model is to be used for further simulations. After undergoing step 1, other ligands were used for all proteins.
For the rGPR109A/rI7, rGPR109A and hGPR109A models the following ligands were used (figure 2).</p>

<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/4/45/Nicopic.png" rel="lightbox" title="Nicotinate derivatives">
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<h6>Figure 2 Configurations of used ligands for GPR109A derivatives. Niacin (A1 = C, A2 = N, A3 = OH),  methyl nicotinate (A1 = C, A2 = N, A3 = OMe) and methyl isonicotinate (A1 = N, A2 = C, A3 = OMe)</h6>
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The ligands for hOR1G1/rI7 and hOR1G1 are shown in figure 3.

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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/e/e1/Isoderivatives.png" rel="lightbox" title="Iso derivatives">
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<h6>Figure 3 Configurations of used ligands for OR1G1 derivatives. Isoamyl acetate  (A1 = CMe, A2 = C),  buthyl acetate (A1 = C, A2 = C) and isoamyl propionate</h6>
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The I7 model will have the ligands hexanal and octanal (figure 4) docked in its binding niche.
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/f/f3/Hexanalderivatives.png" rel="lightbox" title="Hexanal derivatives">
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/f/f3/Hexanalderivatives.png" name="kugroup" width="176"  border="0" id="kugroup" /></a>

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<h6>Figure 4 Configurations of used ligands for I7 receptor. Hexanal  (A = C), nonanal (A = CMe) and  octanal (A = CEt)</h6>
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<p>After docking a ligand in the cavity of the receptor, a 10 ns MD simulation is executed and the preservation of the hydrogen bonds between the ligand and related amino acids are analyzed to examine how well the ligand is docked in the receptor. These results are compared with the experimental labwork data.</p>

<p>3.	In all cases, depending on the conclusions of the in silico and experimentally results, specific point mutations in silico – and if time is left, also experimentally – can reconfigure the ligand-binding niche in such a way that it only specifically binds to the desired compound, i.e. only methyl nicotinate to the rGPR109A/rI7 receptor.</p>

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<h3>Results</h3>
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<p>The main drawback that was encountered during the execution of this part of the project were the long simulation times. YASARA has a friendly users interface and is not to hard to understand. However, the Molecular Dynamics simulations are optimized for use on a 8-core computer. This means that a simulation of 10 ns takes about 7-8 days to completely simulate on a 16-core computer, let alone an 8-core computer. Also take in account that not every simulation goes as planned, so this process takes up a lot of time.</p>

<p>Thankfully, the SARA institute [URL] was willing to help us and assist us in setting up the environment to use their HPC Cloud Server remotely from our office at Delft University. This gave us the opportunity to execute our simulations on a configurable amount of cores. By testing what amount of cores was the fastest to use (but not necessarily the most efficient) short simulations on 4, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20 and 24 cores were performed. The outcome was in favor of the 16-core computer. This meant that a simulation of 10 ns would take 7-8 days.</p>

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<b>Results of the modeling approach</b>

<p>1. After building the model of the hOR2AG1 receptor by the method of the paper [2], the calculated volume of the binding niche was examined graphically to conclude any similarity (FIGURE ???).

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[PICTURE]
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While the cavity was indeed similar, the outcome of the 10 ns simulation without any ligand did not provide the correct end configuration of the binding niche (FIGURE ???).

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[PICTURE}
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A first conclusion would be that the model might be poorly build. Repeated requests by e-mail to the authors of the paper, to provide their model to compare it, proved to be fruitless.</p>

<p>Two other models were used during the 10 ns simulation; the model of the Zhang Server [REF] and the model build by the model building macro provided by YASARA. While the latter did not provide the desired result, the first one did. However, the important amino acids that are responsible for the docking of the ligand, were shifted by 8 amino acids towards the C-terminal.</p>

<p>In order to test if this is the case, different small molecules that are a derivative of the original ligands should be docked in the correct receptor. By testing them in silico and experimentally, we will be able to check if the novel ligand-binding niche is indeed as specific as we would like it to be.</p>

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<h3>Future follow-ups</h3>
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<p>If time permits, we could see if we can change the receptor in a different way to see if we can reconfigure the binding niche in such a way that other chemical compounds could bind to it, say, methyl isonicotinate instead of methyl nicotinate. Furthermore, it would be interesting if some kind of universality can be found to predict other configurations of binding niches.</p>

<p>Another interesting approach would be to engineer an olfactory receptor for one of the other three chemical compounds (figure 2) which are found in the breath of a tuberculosis patient.  to make a combination of two novel yeast cells and let measurements be even more sensitive. </p>


<h3>References</h3>
<p>[1] Syhre M, Chambers ST (2008) The scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. <i>Tuberculosis. </i><b>88</b>:317–323</p>
<p>[2] Gelis L, Wolf S, Hatt H, Neuhaus EM, Gerwert K (2012) Prediction of a Ligand-Binding Niche within a Human Olfactory Receptor by Combining Site-Directed Mutagenesis with Dynamic Homology Modeling. <i>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. </i><b>51</b>:1274-1278</p>
<p>[3] Tunaru S, Lättig J, Kero J, Krause G, Offermanns S (2005) Characterization of Determinants of Ligand Binding to the Nicotinic Acid Receptor GPR109A (HM74A/PUMA-G). <i>Mol Pharmacol. </i><b>68</b>:1271-1280</p>
<p>[4] Kurtz AJ, Lawless HT, Acree TE (2010) The Cross-Adaptation of Green and Citrus Odorants <i>Chem. Percept. </i><b>3</b>:149–155</p>


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