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| - | ==PEPDEX and Neuroscience—Brain-Gut Axis==
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| - | The novel conceptual model '''“Brain-Gut Axis”''' has received emerging attention recently. Lots of studies showing evidence that intestinal microbiota have profound impacts on our nervous systems blossom during this 5~10 years. They interact with each other bidirectionally via various pathways. These include '''neuroendocrine''' (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis), '''immune systems''' (neuromodulating cytokines), '''enteric nervous systems''' and '''autonomic nervous systems''' (vagus nerve). Gut microbes produce substance such as '''tryptophan-related metabolites kynurenic acid''', '''short chain fatty acids''', and '''neurometabolites''' GABA, noradrenalin, and dopamine that potentially target to and influence functions of our central nervous systems. In the process of neurodevelopment, they modulate the expression level of many critical genes, such as '''brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)''', '''NMDA receptors''' or '''5-HT receptors''' and communicate with brain regions like striatum, hippocampus, amygdale, hypothalamus, and cingulated gyrus. It has long been known that the colonization of gut flora is related to the stress response of the hosts, changing their states of '''anxiety''' and '''exploratory behavior'''. Diseases such as '''inflammatory bowel diseases (IBS)''' and '''multiple sclerosis (MS)''' are also documented to be associated with intestinal microorganisms. New focus has been greatly put on many neuropsychiatric diseases, for instance, '''autism spectrum disorders (ASD)''', '''depression''', '''anxiety disorders''', and '''schizophrenia'''.
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| - | ==Reference==
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| - | <ol>
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| - | <li>Bravo, J. A. ''et al.'' (2011) Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 16050–16055.</li>
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| - | <li>Wall, R. ''et al.'' (2012)Contrasting effects of Bifidobacterium breve NCIMB 702258 and Bifidobacterium breve DPC 6330 on the composition of murine brain fatty acids and gut microbiota. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95, 1278–1287.</li>
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| - | <li>Tillisch, K. ''et al.'' (2012) Modulation of the brain–gut axis after 4 week intervention with a probiotic fermented dairy product. Gastroenterology 142, S-115.</li>
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