Team:Lyon-INSA/microbialControl

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        <div class="boutonOnglet " onclick="window.location='REACH';">The European Regulation</div>
 
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        <div class="boutonOnglet " onclick="window.location='BiofilmK';">"Biofilm Killer"</div>
 
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        <div class="boutonOnglet BOClicked" >Applications</div>
 
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   <h1>Applications</h1>
   <h1>Applications</h1>
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<h2>The versatility of « Biofilm Killer »</h2>
<h2>The versatility of « Biofilm Killer »</h2>
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<p>“Biofilm Killer” is designed to meet several industrial needs, because although almost every industry has problems dealing with biofilm development, cleaning biofilms does not mean the same in the different industries.</br>
<p>“Biofilm Killer” is designed to meet several industrial needs, because although almost every industry has problems dealing with biofilm development, cleaning biofilms does not mean the same in the different industries.</br>
These applications can be briefly categorized in three different needs :</br>
These applications can be briefly categorized in three different needs :</br>
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<OL><li>The need for a clean, microorganism-free, chemical-free surface. The industrial fields requiring this level of protection are basically those dealing with Human and Animal Health issues, in which the presence of contaminating microorganisms, whether good or bad prevent certification and use of the instruments. This may as well concerns the food industry because of health and hygiene issues, also the use of a probiotic bacterium as a host for Biofilm Killer may be acceptable in certain cases.
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<OL><li><i>The need for a clean, microorganism-free and chemical-free surface.</i> The industrial fields requiring this level of protection are basically those dealing with Human and Animal Health issues and in which the presence of contaminating microorganisms (whether good or bad) prevents certification or use of the instruments. This may as well concern the food industry because of health and hygiene related issues, although the use of a probiotic bacterium as a host for Biofilm Killer may be acceptable in certain conditions or countries.<br/>
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<br/><li>The need for a clean deleterious microorganism-free, with a protective bacterial barrier. Two main application domains are concerned. First, in farm animal breeding, protective biofilm barriers are already in use (ex. poultry), and has application in other animal system to prevent pathogen infection and excessive mortality. Second, in plant culture <FONT COLOR="red">........................ A COMPLETER ?????</FONT>
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<br/><li><i>The need for a clean deleterious microorganism-free, with a protective bacterial barrier.</i> Two main application domains are concerned. First, in farm animal breeding, protective biofilm barriers are already in use (e.g. poultry), and has application in other animal systems to prevent pathogen infection and excessive mortality. The second application domain is phytoprotection, e.g. biological control of plant pathogens in agriculture. Several microbial agents have been used successfully for years to control plant diseases. In many cases, the biocontrol agent is used to replace the local flora and create a protective barrier against the pathogens to prevent infection. <br/>
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<br/><li><i>The need for a clean, deleterious microorganism-free but biofilm colinization-protected surface.</i> This may apply to certain areas in which long-term protection would be useful, but the protective biofilm presence is inadequate, e.g. food industry, cosmetics, and other soft-chemical industries. This also apply to refrigeration systems and air-conditioning units.
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<br/><li>The need for a clean, deleterious microorganism-free but biofilm colinization-protected surface. This may apply to certain areas in which long term protection would be useful, but the presence of the protective biofilm is inadequate, e.g. food-industry, cosmetics, and other soft-chemical industry. This also apply to refrigeration systems and air-conditioning units.
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<br/><br/>The beauty of Bioflm Killer resides in its versatile design that allows the user to choose the best combination of actions for his needs. The 3 modules of Biofilm Killer are independent, and can be used efficiently in any combination with the use of non toxic inducers in very limited quantities.<br/>
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<br/><br/>The beauty of Bioflm Killer resides in its versatile design that enables the user to choose the best combination of action for his needs. The 3 modules of Biofilm Killer are independent, and can be used efficiently in any combination with the use of non toxic inducers in very limited quantities.<br/>
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Basically with regards to the above classification of needs the following options are suggested.<br/>
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Basically, given the above classification of needs <strong> the following options are suggested.</strong><br/>
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</br><ul><li>Health and food industry: Use of only Module 1 (Kill and Disperse) to facilitate the complete removal of the biofilm bacteria and accomplish a surface 100% free of bacteria after a regular cleaning procedure steps.
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<br/><li>Poultry and Animal raising, Oil industry : Use of Module 1 (Kill and Disperse) to facilitate the complete removal of the biofilm bacteria and induction of Module 3 (STICK) to establish a protective B. subtilis biofilm to create a barrier flora in the intestine of the animal or on the surface of tubing to achieve long term protection against pathogen recolonization or corrosion.
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<br/><li>Food industry, Soft chemical industry or the treatment of refrigeration units, air-condition modules : In other applications where the establishement of a bacterial biofilm cannot be envisionned, but long term protection against microbial recolonization needs to be achieved, the users can use Module 1 (Kill and Disperse) to remove the biofilm in combination with Module 2 (COAT) to generate a protective, peptide-based protective coating of the surface to protect.<br/><br/></ul>
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<li><strong>Health and food industry:</strong> Use of only Module 1 (Kill and Scatter) to facilitate complete removal of the biofilm and recover a surface 100% free of bacteria after a regular cleaning procedure step.</li>
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<li><strong>Poultry and Animal raising, Oil industry :</strong> Use of Module 1 (Kill and Scatter) to facilitate the complete removal of the biofilm and induction of Module 3 (STICK) to establish a protective <i>B. subtilis</i> biofilm to create a barrier flora in the intestine of the animal or on the surface of tubing to achieve long-term protection against pathogen recolonization or corrosion.</li>
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<li><strong>Food industry, Soft chemical industry or the treatment of refrigeration units, air-conditionning modules :</strong> In other applications where the establishement of a bacterial biofilm cannot be envisionned, but long-term protection against microbial recolonization needs to be achieved, the user can use Module 1 (Kill and Scatter) to remove the biofilm in combination with Module 2 (COAT) to generate a protective, peptide-based protective coating of the surface to protect.</li><br/></ul>
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To make Biofilm Killer compatible for most industrial applications, we further propose to introduce our genetic constructions in a NON-sporulant Bacillus subtilis strain to prevent the release and survival of this strain in the environment. (See safety page)<br/><br/>
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To make Biofilm Killer compatible for most industrial applications, we further propose to introduce our genetic constructions in a NON-sporulant <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> strain to prevent the release and survival of this strain in the environment. (<a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Lyon-INSA/safety"> See safety page</a>)<br/><br/>
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<p>Oil industry faces with important and costly difficulties due to biofilm-related issues. These include, but are not limited to, pipeline and metallic structure corrosion, porosity clogging in the rock or the tubing, microbial souring, petroleum spoilage during storage. The main consequences of microbial at the global scale are several : <br/> A reduced quality of the final product (microbial alteration), an increase in treatment costs (souring), the reduction of well production (souring, microbial alteration, clogging). Biofilm formation is involved in the corrosion of the metallic structures, including the oil-plateform, but most importantly the pipelines and tubing. <br/><br/>
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<p>The Oil industry faces important and costly difficulties due to biofilm-related issues. These include, but are not limited to, pipeline and metallic structure corrosion, porosity clogging in the rock or the tubing, microbial souring, petroleum spoilage during storage. The main consequences of microbial presence at the global scale are several : <br/> A reduced quality of the final product (microbial alteration), an increase in treatment costs (souring), the reduction of efficient production (souring, microbial alteration, clogging). Biofilm formation is involved in the corrosion of the metallic structures, including the oil-platform, but most importantly the pipelines and tubing. <br/><br/>
Biofilm-induced alteration will affect the structure, resulting in two effects : <br/>
Biofilm-induced alteration will affect the structure, resulting in two effects : <br/>
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The first one is the clogging of the tubing, which much like cholesterol deposit in our arteries, will reduce the available circulating space, reducing the flux of gas or oil that can be transporter in the pipe. Even small amounts of biofilm can negatively affect flow of hydrocarbons, as can be seen on the figure below in an experiment performed on gas fluxes in presence or absence of only 8% of biofilm coverage. As a consequence of biofilm formation, we can see that about 50% of the gas flux is lost (<a href="http://www.slb.com/%7E/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors12/sum12/1_microbes.pdf">from  Z. Augustinovic <i>et al.</i></a>).<br/>
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<li>The first one is the clogging of the tubing, which much like cholesterol deposits in our arteries, will reduce the available circulating space, reducing the flux of gas or oil that can be transported through the pipe. Even small amounts of biofilm can negatively  
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<p>affect flow of hydrocarbons, as can be seen on the figure on the right showing the results of an an experiment performed on gas fluxes in presence or absence of only 8% of biofilm coverage. As a consequence of biofilm formation, we can see that about 50% of the gas flux is lost (<a href="http://www.slb.com/%7E/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors12/sum12/1_microbes.pdf">from  Z. Augustinovic <i>et al.</i></a>).</li>
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<p>The second is the anaerobic corrosion of the metal from the structure, which will be instrumental in establishing the biofilm and induce clogging, but will also fragilize the structures.
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<li>The second is the anaerobic corrosion of metal from the structure, which will be instrumental in establishing the biofilm and induce clogging, but will also fragilize the structures.</li>
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<p>In the above example of biofilm-induced pipe corrosion, while a significant part of the corrosion occurs on the outside of the pipe, it is estimated that more than half of the corrosion is due to microbial growth on the inner surface of pipelines. Internal and external metallic corrosion contributes significantly to the risk of oil and gas pipeline deterioration and failure (see below), causes well and reservoir souring and plugging, and results in billions of dollars in annual costs to the oil and gas industry.  
<p>In the above example of biofilm-induced pipe corrosion, while a significant part of the corrosion occurs on the outside of the pipe, it is estimated that more than half of the corrosion is due to microbial growth on the inner surface of pipelines. Internal and external metallic corrosion contributes significantly to the risk of oil and gas pipeline deterioration and failure (see below), causes well and reservoir souring and plugging, and results in billions of dollars in annual costs to the oil and gas industry.  
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<p>Impact of biofilms and microbiologically influenced corrosion in oilfield. Siri plateform (center) is located in the North sea and flanked by the smaller Cecilie and Nini satellite plateforms. Seafloor lines between the 3 structures and wells carry oil and gas (gas for lift and injection water for pressure support). INSET: in 2007, water injection line ruptured. Subsequent investigation revealed a mixture of iron sulfide and other corrosion by-products plus microbes and polysaccharide slime at the rupture site . These deposits allow sulfate-reducing procaryotes and other troublesome microbes to grow protected from biocides. (Augustinovic <i>et al.</i>, Microbes- Oilfield Enemies or Allies? Oilfield Review, Summer 2012, Schlumberger)
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<p>Impact of biofilms and microbiologically influenced corrosion in oilfield. Siri platform (center) is located in the North sea and flanked by the smaller Cecilie and Nini satellite platforms. Seafloor lines between the 3 structures and wells carry oil and gas (gas for lift and injection water for pressure support). INSET: in 2007, water injection line ruptured. Subsequent investigation revealed a mixture of iron sulfide and other corrosion by-products plus microbes and polysaccharide slime at the rupture site. These deposits enable sulfate-reducing procaryotes and other troublesome microbes to grow protected from biocides. (Augustinovic <i>et al.</i>, Microbes- Oilfield Enemies or Allies? Oilfield Review, Summer 2012, Schlumberger)</p>
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Most importantly, failure on the production line can lead to dramatic oil or gas spills that lead to unprecedented environmental risks and damages. Such failure has recently happened on the Elgin Field, located in the North Sea ca. 240 kilometers off Aberdeen (Scotland), on a gas field exploited by the french potroleum company Total. The failure of the production line lead to a gas spill estimated to ca. 1.8 million euro loss per day for the company. Due to the location of the failure at the sea floor, it took several month for the leak to be stopped. In addition to the cost to the company, a maritime exclusion zone had to be created which perturbated maritime traffic, and ca. 20 tons of gas were released in the atmosphere daily. The previous year, in the same region an oleoduc exploited by the Royal Dutch Shell had ruptured also leading to oil spill in the North sea.
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<p>Most importantly, failure on the production line can lead to dramatic oil or gas spills that lead to unprecedented environmental risks and damages. Such failure has recently happened on the Elgin Field, located in the North Sea around 240 kilometers off Aberdeen (Scotland), on a gas field exploited by the French petroleum company Total. The failure of the production line lead to a gas spill estimated to around 1.8 million Euros loss per day for the company. Due to the location of the failure at the sea floor, it took several months for the leak to be stopped. In addition to the cost to the company, a maritime exclusion zone had to be created which perturbated maritime traffic, and around 20 tons of gas were released in the atmosphere daily. The previous year, in the same region an oleoduc exploited by the Royal Dutch Shell had ruptured, also leading to oil spill in the North sea.
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<p>The problems with oil or gas production pipe is two folds : they are expected to be in place for decades and they often are difficult to access. Thus cleaning and locating biofilm is no simple task. Biofilms can be in dead zone which make them impossible to clean with mechanical process.</p>
<p>The problems with oil or gas production pipe is two folds : they are expected to be in place for decades and they often are difficult to access. Thus cleaning and locating biofilm is no simple task. Biofilms can be in dead zone which make them impossible to clean with mechanical process.</p>
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<figcaption>From SLB communication, June 2012</figcaption>
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<p>Our Biofilm Killer construction in Bacillus Subtilis 168 is designed to help address both the ease of delivery of the cleaner as well as induce a long term protection on the inner surface of the tubing. Biofilm Killer can be applied following the procedure which is already accepted in the industrial processes where Clean In Place procedures are performed. In this protocole, the process features 3 tanks usually filled with sodium carbonate, nitric acid and sodium hypochlorite. These three chemicals are used in sequence to remove the biofilm by inducing an alkaline and acidic treatment to destabilize the biofilm and a sterilizing treatment with hypochlorite. Refinements to the CIP procedure include the use of the use of specific enzymes targeting the biofilm, e.g. dispersin (Realco).<br/>
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<p>Our Biofilm Killer construction in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 168 is designed to help address both ease of delivery of the cleaner as well as induce a long-term protection on the inner surface of the tubing. Biofilm Killer can be applied following the procedure which is already accepted in the industrial processes where Clean In Place procedures are performed. In this protocole, the process features 3 tanks usually filled with sodium carbonate, nitric acid and sodium hypochlorite. These three chemicals are used in sequence to remove the biofilm by inducing an alkaline and acidic treatment to destabilize the biofilm and a sterilizing treatment with hypochlorite. Refinements to the CIP procedure include the use of the use of specific enzymes targeting the biofilm, e.g. dispersin (Realco).<br/>
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<p><br>In order to specifically remove biofilms and to lower amount of toxic chemicals used, we propose to fill one of the CIP bulk with “Biofilm Killer”. “Biofilm Killer” will be targeted to the place to clean by the flow of water delivered in the pipe. It will swim inside the biofilm and produce and deliver in situ inside the biofilm both the biocide and the scattering agent. “Biofilm Killer” will have an action on both the target strain to kill it and on the exopolysaccharide matrix of the biofilm to dissolve it. Our physiological tests show that after 1 hour there are already significant effects of lysostaphine and dispersine. The impressive effect of the combined action of the two proteins on a staphylococcal biofilm is exemplified here <FONT COLOR="red" >METTRE UN LIEN </FONT>. To maximise the dispersing effect of the construction, we recommend a 5 hour duration of “Biofilm Killer”. The dispersed and killed biofilm will then be eliminated by subsequent acid, caustic and sanitizing treatment as in classical CIP, if no recolonization is required. A significant decrease in the needed amount of these chemical is expected. Alternatively, “Biofilm Killer” will be induced to colonize the surface or produce surfactin in order to form a long-term protection against deleterious recolonization of the surface.
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<p><br>In order to specifically remove biofilms and to lower amounts of toxic chemicals used, we propose to fill one of the CIP bulk with “Biofilm Killer”. “Biofilm Killer” will be targeted to the place to clean by the flow of water delivered in the pipe. It will swim inside the biofilm and produce and deliver <i>in situ</i> inside the biofilm both the biocide and the scattering agent. “Biofilm Killer” will have an action on both the target strain to kill it and on the exopolysaccharide matrix of the biofilm to dissolve it. Our physiological tests show that after 1 hour, there are already significant effects of lysostaphin and dispersin. The impressive effect of the combined action of the two proteins on a staphylococcal biofilm is shown <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/5/5a/S.aureus_lyso%2Bdisp.jpg">HERE</a>. To maximise the dispersing effect of the construction, we recommend a 5-hour duration treatment with “Biofilm Killer”. The scattered and killed biofilm will then be eliminated by subsequent acid, caustic and sanitizing treatment as in classical CIP, if no recolonization is required. A significant decrease in the needed amount of these chemical is expected. Alternatively, “Biofilm Killer” will be induced to colonize the surface or produce surfactin in order to form a long-term protection against deleterious recolonization of the surface.
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Preparation and storage of Biofilm Killer is not an issue since the very same organism is already produced and stored for poultry breeding or crop plant phytoprotection. In our case, it will be most convenient to prepare Biofilm Killer as a lyophilisate since it can be stored for months until use.
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Preparation and storage of Biofilm Killer is not an issue since the very same organism is already produced and stored for poultry breeding or crop plant phytoprotection. In our case, it will be more convenient to prepare Biofilm Killer as a lyophilisate since it can be stored for months until use.
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<h2>Economic analysis of the Oil Patch</h2>
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<h2>Biofilm Killer and the Oil Patch Economy</h2>
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The oil patch is a worldwide industry and moreover a billions dollars activity, you can find at least one step of the production or the distribution line in every country. This is quite a linear system from the exploration to the distribution or the transformation in different products and we can schematize it: <br/>
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The oil patch is a worldwide industry and moreover a multi-billion dollar activity. It has ramifications worldwide. One can find at least one step of the production or the distribution line in every country. From the exploration to the distribution or the transformation in different products and to the consumer, this system is quite linear and can be schematized as follows : <br/>
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We can divide the oil patch in an upstream and downstream part:  
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This work flow can be divided in two types of activities :  
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<br/><ul><li>The upstream part includes the exploration, the development and the use of the drilling and the extraction means to produce crude oil and natural gas.  
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<br/><ul><li>The upstream operations concerns the production <i>sensu largo</i> of the resource itself. It includes all the operations needed for the exploration, the drilling, and the extraction necessary for the crude oil and the natural gas production. </li>
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<br/><li>The downstream part takes in the transport, the refining, the retailing and the consuming.
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<li>The downstream operations deal with the transport and transformation of the product itself. It includes transporting the oil or gas by pipes or tankers, the refining, the retailing and the consuming, until it finally reaches the consumer, which can be the car owner at the gas station or a company using petroleum-derived products.</li>
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<br/>The gas and oil patch is one of the biggest field of industry through the world. Five (sometimes 6) big companies called “Supermajors” run the system and control it: among them BP, Total or Shell can be pointed out. Recently, National Oil Company like Saudi Aramco, National Iranian Oil Company or Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, are taking down those big IOC (International Oil Company) by being ahead of the three biggest worldwide reserves of oil or gas.
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<br/>The gas and oil patch is the biggest industry in the world. The daily production of oil is around 13 billion liters. It is dominated by 5 or 6, extremely big companies called “Supermajors” which rule the system and have control over it: among them are BP, Total or Shell. Despite their gigantic size, these companies control only around 5% of the oil reserves worldwide. The large majority of the reserve is controlled by local and national companies such as the Saudi Aramco, the iranian National Iranian Oil Company or the koweti Kuwait Petroleum Corporation.
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The Oil patch involves long lines of production and a lot of transportation, from the extraction site of oils and gas to their distribution: that is a lot of tanks and pipes to keep clean! Every one of those materials is likely to be contaminated by bacteria and to encounter microbial-induced deterioration.<br/>
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Oil or gas production involves millions of kilometers of tubing at the production site or for transportation, tanks and tankers for storage and oversea transportation. Moreover, oil extraction often involves the use of large amounts of water, which create a very favorable environments for microbes to grow in. This oil and water mixture travels through the pipe until it is finally separated at the surface. Thus, oil production represents a vast number of tanks and kilometers of pipes in which microbial biofilms are likely to grow and induce corrosion, and which need to be cleaned!<br/>
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<br/><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/b/b6/Logo_amst%C3%A9rix_page_accueil.png" width="5%" /><br/> This logo  means that our solution “Biofilm Killer” can be used in this part of the oil process toremove bacteria and clean pipes or tanks and save the company from much bigger issues such as a hole in a pipe letting gas or oil flow out in the deep of an ocean, meaning loss of millions dollars.<br/>
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2012/b/b6/Logo_amst%C3%A9rix_page_accueil.png" width="5%" style="float:left;" /><div style="width:800px;float:right;margin-right:10px">This logo  means that our solution “Biofilm Killer” can be used in this part of the oil process to remove bacteria and clean pipes or tanks and save the company from much bigger issues, such as a hole in a pipe letting gas or oil flow out in the deep of an ocean, meaning loss of millions dollars.</div><br/>
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Latest revision as of 12:01, 8 June 2013

Applications



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The versatility of « Biofilm Killer »

“Biofilm Killer” is designed to meet several industrial needs, because although almost every industry has problems dealing with biofilm development, cleaning biofilms does not mean the same in the different industries.
These applications can be briefly categorized in three different needs :

  1. The need for a clean, microorganism-free and chemical-free surface. The industrial fields requiring this level of protection are basically those dealing with Human and Animal Health issues and in which the presence of contaminating microorganisms (whether good or bad) prevents certification or use of the instruments. This may as well concern the food industry because of health and hygiene related issues, although the use of a probiotic bacterium as a host for Biofilm Killer may be acceptable in certain conditions or countries.

  2. The need for a clean deleterious microorganism-free, with a protective bacterial barrier. Two main application domains are concerned. First, in farm animal breeding, protective biofilm barriers are already in use (e.g. poultry), and has application in other animal systems to prevent pathogen infection and excessive mortality. The second application domain is phytoprotection, e.g. biological control of plant pathogens in agriculture. Several microbial agents have been used successfully for years to control plant diseases. In many cases, the biocontrol agent is used to replace the local flora and create a protective barrier against the pathogens to prevent infection.

  3. The need for a clean, deleterious microorganism-free but biofilm colinization-protected surface. This may apply to certain areas in which long-term protection would be useful, but the protective biofilm presence is inadequate, e.g. food industry, cosmetics, and other soft-chemical industries. This also apply to refrigeration systems and air-conditioning units.



The beauty of Bioflm Killer resides in its versatile design that enables the user to choose the best combination of action for his needs. The 3 modules of Biofilm Killer are independent, and can be used efficiently in any combination with the use of non toxic inducers in very limited quantities.
Basically, given the above classification of needs the following options are suggested.

  • Health and food industry: Use of only Module 1 (Kill and Scatter) to facilitate complete removal of the biofilm and recover a surface 100% free of bacteria after a regular cleaning procedure step.
  • Poultry and Animal raising, Oil industry : Use of Module 1 (Kill and Scatter) to facilitate the complete removal of the biofilm and induction of Module 3 (STICK) to establish a protective B. subtilis biofilm to create a barrier flora in the intestine of the animal or on the surface of tubing to achieve long-term protection against pathogen recolonization or corrosion.
  • Food industry, Soft chemical industry or the treatment of refrigeration units, air-conditionning modules : In other applications where the establishement of a bacterial biofilm cannot be envisionned, but long-term protection against microbial recolonization needs to be achieved, the user can use Module 1 (Kill and Scatter) to remove the biofilm in combination with Module 2 (COAT) to generate a protective, peptide-based protective coating of the surface to protect.

To make Biofilm Killer compatible for most industrial applications, we further propose to introduce our genetic constructions in a NON-sporulant Bacillus subtilis strain to prevent the release and survival of this strain in the environment. ( See safety page)

Focus on Oil Industry

The Oil industry faces important and costly difficulties due to biofilm-related issues. These include, but are not limited to, pipeline and metallic structure corrosion, porosity clogging in the rock or the tubing, microbial souring, petroleum spoilage during storage. The main consequences of microbial presence at the global scale are several :
A reduced quality of the final product (microbial alteration), an increase in treatment costs (souring), the reduction of efficient production (souring, microbial alteration, clogging). Biofilm formation is involved in the corrosion of the metallic structures, including the oil-platform, but most importantly the pipelines and tubing.

Biofilm-induced alteration will affect the structure, resulting in two effects :

  • The first one is the clogging of the tubing, which much like cholesterol deposits in our arteries, will reduce the available circulating space, reducing the flux of gas or oil that can be transported through the pipe. Even small amounts of biofilm can negatively

affect flow of hydrocarbons, as can be seen on the figure on the right showing the results of an an experiment performed on gas fluxes in presence or absence of only 8% of biofilm coverage. As a consequence of biofilm formation, we can see that about 50% of the gas flux is lost (from Z. Augustinovic et al.).

  • The second is the anaerobic corrosion of metal from the structure, which will be instrumental in establishing the biofilm and induce clogging, but will also fragilize the structures.

  • In the above example of biofilm-induced pipe corrosion, while a significant part of the corrosion occurs on the outside of the pipe, it is estimated that more than half of the corrosion is due to microbial growth on the inner surface of pipelines. Internal and external metallic corrosion contributes significantly to the risk of oil and gas pipeline deterioration and failure (see below), causes well and reservoir souring and plugging, and results in billions of dollars in annual costs to the oil and gas industry.

    Impact of biofilms and microbiologically influenced corrosion in oilfield. Siri platform (center) is located in the North sea and flanked by the smaller Cecilie and Nini satellite platforms. Seafloor lines between the 3 structures and wells carry oil and gas (gas for lift and injection water for pressure support). INSET: in 2007, water injection line ruptured. Subsequent investigation revealed a mixture of iron sulfide and other corrosion by-products plus microbes and polysaccharide slime at the rupture site. These deposits enable sulfate-reducing procaryotes and other troublesome microbes to grow protected from biocides. (Augustinovic et al., Microbes- Oilfield Enemies or Allies? Oilfield Review, Summer 2012, Schlumberger)



    Most importantly, failure on the production line can lead to dramatic oil or gas spills that lead to unprecedented environmental risks and damages. Such failure has recently happened on the Elgin Field, located in the North Sea around 240 kilometers off Aberdeen (Scotland), on a gas field exploited by the French petroleum company Total. The failure of the production line lead to a gas spill estimated to around 1.8 million Euros loss per day for the company. Due to the location of the failure at the sea floor, it took several months for the leak to be stopped. In addition to the cost to the company, a maritime exclusion zone had to be created which perturbated maritime traffic, and around 20 tons of gas were released in the atmosphere daily. The previous year, in the same region an oleoduc exploited by the Royal Dutch Shell had ruptured, also leading to oil spill in the North sea.

    The problems with oil or gas production pipe is two folds : they are expected to be in place for decades and they often are difficult to access. Thus cleaning and locating biofilm is no simple task. Biofilms can be in dead zone which make them impossible to clean with mechanical process.


    « Biofilm Killer »: a practical manual

    Our Biofilm Killer construction in Bacillus subtilis 168 is designed to help address both ease of delivery of the cleaner as well as induce a long-term protection on the inner surface of the tubing. Biofilm Killer can be applied following the procedure which is already accepted in the industrial processes where Clean In Place procedures are performed. In this protocole, the process features 3 tanks usually filled with sodium carbonate, nitric acid and sodium hypochlorite. These three chemicals are used in sequence to remove the biofilm by inducing an alkaline and acidic treatment to destabilize the biofilm and a sterilizing treatment with hypochlorite. Refinements to the CIP procedure include the use of the use of specific enzymes targeting the biofilm, e.g. dispersin (Realco).


    In order to specifically remove biofilms and to lower amounts of toxic chemicals used, we propose to fill one of the CIP bulk with “Biofilm Killer”. “Biofilm Killer” will be targeted to the place to clean by the flow of water delivered in the pipe. It will swim inside the biofilm and produce and deliver in situ inside the biofilm both the biocide and the scattering agent. “Biofilm Killer” will have an action on both the target strain to kill it and on the exopolysaccharide matrix of the biofilm to dissolve it. Our physiological tests show that after 1 hour, there are already significant effects of lysostaphin and dispersin. The impressive effect of the combined action of the two proteins on a staphylococcal biofilm is shown HERE. To maximise the dispersing effect of the construction, we recommend a 5-hour duration treatment with “Biofilm Killer”. The scattered and killed biofilm will then be eliminated by subsequent acid, caustic and sanitizing treatment as in classical CIP, if no recolonization is required. A significant decrease in the needed amount of these chemical is expected. Alternatively, “Biofilm Killer” will be induced to colonize the surface or produce surfactin in order to form a long-term protection against deleterious recolonization of the surface.
    Preparation and storage of Biofilm Killer is not an issue since the very same organism is already produced and stored for poultry breeding or crop plant phytoprotection. In our case, it will be more convenient to prepare Biofilm Killer as a lyophilisate since it can be stored for months until use.

    Biofilm Killer and the Oil Patch Economy

    The oil patch is a worldwide industry and moreover a multi-billion dollar activity. It has ramifications worldwide. One can find at least one step of the production or the distribution line in every country. From the exploration to the distribution or the transformation in different products and to the consumer, this system is quite linear and can be schematized as follows :


    This work flow can be divided in two types of activities :
    • The upstream operations concerns the production sensu largo of the resource itself. It includes all the operations needed for the exploration, the drilling, and the extraction necessary for the crude oil and the natural gas production.
    • The downstream operations deal with the transport and transformation of the product itself. It includes transporting the oil or gas by pipes or tankers, the refining, the retailing and the consuming, until it finally reaches the consumer, which can be the car owner at the gas station or a company using petroleum-derived products.

    The gas and oil patch is the biggest industry in the world. The daily production of oil is around 13 billion liters. It is dominated by 5 or 6, extremely big companies called “Supermajors” which rule the system and have control over it: among them are BP, Total or Shell. Despite their gigantic size, these companies control only around 5% of the oil reserves worldwide. The large majority of the reserve is controlled by local and national companies such as the Saudi Aramco, the iranian National Iranian Oil Company or the koweti Kuwait Petroleum Corporation.

    Oil or gas production involves millions of kilometers of tubing at the production site or for transportation, tanks and tankers for storage and oversea transportation. Moreover, oil extraction often involves the use of large amounts of water, which create a very favorable environments for microbes to grow in. This oil and water mixture travels through the pipe until it is finally separated at the surface. Thus, oil production represents a vast number of tanks and kilometers of pipes in which microbial biofilms are likely to grow and induce corrosion, and which need to be cleaned!

    This logo means that our solution “Biofilm Killer” can be used in this part of the oil process to remove bacteria and clean pipes or tanks and save the company from much bigger issues, such as a hole in a pipe letting gas or oil flow out in the deep of an ocean, meaning loss of millions dollars.


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