Team:LMU-Munich/Bacillus BioBricks

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B⁴ - 22 core parts for Bacillus subtilis

We will create a toolbox of Bacillus BioBricks to contribute to the registry.

This Bacillus BioBrickBox (B⁴) contains Bacillus specific parts:

Vectors	Promoters	Reporters	Affinity tags
pSBBs1C pSBBs4S pSBBs2E pSBBs1C-lacZ pSBBs3C-luxABCDE pSBBs4S-Pxyl pSBBs0K-Pspac Sporovector	Anderson PliaG Pveg PlepA PliaI Pxyl-XylR	gfp mkate2 lacZ luc	Flag His cMyc Strep HA

Bacillus Vectors

We have generated a suit of BioBrick-compatible vectors, three empty ones with different antibiotic resistances and integration loci, two reporter and two expression vectors.Here is a list of all the vectors we cloned and used.

For the use of our vectors, please see our Protocols page. A general introduction to Bacillus subtilis and its integrative vectors can be found here. All vectors have ampicillin as Escherichia coli resistance and RFP in the multiple cloning site as selection marker.

Here you can find the respective vector maps:

The number in the vector's name codes for the insertion locus and the following letter for the Bacillus subtilis resistance gene according to the following table:

The concentrations of the antibiotics and the insertion tests can be found in our Protocol section.

See here to find out how to use B. subtilis vectors. In this overview, the mechanism of integration B. subtilis vectors is described.

The design and special use of our Sporovector can be found here.

For results, check our data page:

Bacillus Promoters

To get a set of promoters with different strength we characterized several promoters in Bacillus subtilis. They can be divided in three different groups: the constitutive promoters from the Anderson collection from the Partsregistry, the constitutive promoters P_liaG, P_veg and P_lepA from B. subtilis, and the inducible promoters P_liaI and P_xyl-XylR from B. subtilis. For the characterization of the different promoters we used the lux operon where gene expression leads to the production of luminescence. For this promoter evaluation the reporter vector pSB_Bs3C-luxABCDE was used which was not fully in BioBrickStandard in this time because of one last forbidden restriction site. We also used the reporter gene lacZ for the promoter evaluation where the promoter activity can be measured by doing β-galactosidase assays. Therefore we used the reporter vector pSB_Bs1C-lacZ. See this page for an overview and background information of all evaluated promoters and see the Data page for more details.

Overview of several evaluated promoters

Here you can get an overview of the evaluated promoters which cover a large range of activity. For more details and for informations for the experiments see the Data page of the promoters.

File:All promoters.pdf

Anderson promoters

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The first group of promoters evaluated are the promoters of the Anderson collection ("Anderson promoters"). They have already been measured in Escherichia coli where they all showed a constitutive behavior with a different strength. In this project, eleven Anderson promoters were characterized in B. subtilis with the lux operon as a reporter. In this evaluation in B. subtilis they showed quiet a low activity (see Data Anderson promoters ). To confirm this result some Anderson promoters were also evaluated with the reporter gene lacZ by doing β-galactosidase assays (see Data Anderson promoters ).

• J23100 (BioBrick:BBa_K823004)
• J23101 (BioBrick:BBa_K823005)
• J23102 (BioBrick:BBa_K823006)
• J23103 (BioBrick:BBa_K823007)
• J23106 (BioBrick:BBa_K823008)
• J23107 (BioBrick:BBa_K823009)
• J23113 (BioBrick:BBa_K823010)
• J23114 (BioBrick:BBa_K823011)
• J23115 (BioBrick:BBa_K823012)
• J23117 (BioBrick:BBa_K823013)
• J23118 (BioBrick:BBa_K823014)

Constitutive promoters from B. subtilis

The second group of promoters charaterized are the constitutive promoters from B. subtilis. We evaluated the promoters P_liaG, P_veg and P_lepA. Therefore we used the lux operon as reporter as well as the lacZ gene.

• P_liaG (BioBrick:BBa_K823000)

P_liaG is a weak, constitutive promoter from B. subtilis. It is responsible for the transcription of the last four genes of the liaIHGFSR locus and therefore for the production of the components of the LiaRS system, which is important for the detection of cell wall antibiotics (Jordan et al., 2006). P_liaG was evaluated with the lux operon as reporter (see Data constitutive promoters ) and the reporter lacZ (see Data constitutive promoters ). This promoter showed a much higher activity than the Anderson promoters which was still weak in comparison to the other evaluated Bacillus promoters.

• P_veg (BioBrick:BBa_K823003)

P_veg is known to show a strong constitutive activity during the vegetative growth phase and sporulation phase. This promoter is important for the transcription of the veg gene, which plays an important role during sporulation (Fukushima et al., 2003). P_veg was measured by using reporter gene lacZ (see Data constitutive promoters ). This promoter was the strongest of our evaluated promoters.

• P_lepA (BioBrick:BBa_K823002)

P_lepA is constitutive promoter which is important for the transcription of a bicistronic operon. One of the expressed proteins is the protein PlepA (Homuth et al., 1996). This protein plays an important role during the translation as it can move the mRNA-tRNA complex one step back in the ribosome which is expected to improve the fidelity of translation (Qin et al., 2006). This promoter was evaluated with the lux operon as a reporter (see Data constitutive promoters ). The activity of this promoter is between the activity of the strongest promoter P_veg and the weak Bacillus promoter P_liaG.

Inducible promoters from B. subtilis

The last group of promoters consists of two inducible promoters of B. subtilis , P_liaI and P_xyl-XylR. They are useful to decide when to turn on gene expression because these promoters need an inducer to start transcription. They are evaluated with the reporters lux and lacZ.

• P_liaI (BioBrick:BBa_K823001)

P_liaI is an inducible promoter from B. subtilis which is induced by antibiotics that interact with the lipidII cycle, e.g. bacitracin. If the cell senses stress there is a phosphorylation of the two proteins LiaS and LiaR. LiaR binds to the operator of the promoter and induces the transcription. When the promoter is turned on the two proteins LiaI and LiaH are expressed which play an important role in the stress response (Jordan et al., 2006). This promoter is evaluated with the reporter lux (see Data inducible promoters ) as well as lacZ (see Data inducible promoters ). The induction was measured with different concentrations of bacitracin. With induction with different concentrations of bacitracin this promoter covers a large range of activity.

• P_Xyl-XylR (BioBrick:BBa_K823015)

P_Xyl-XylR is a inducible promoter from B. subtilis which is induced by xylose. XylR is constitutively expressed, and is the repressor of P_Xyl in absence of the sugar Xylose. In presence of Xylose, XylR leaves the operator and the P_Xyl is active (see e.g. Kreuzer et al.). For this promoter we have not yet suceeded cloning it in the reporter vector to evaluate the activity. So there is not any data for this promoter yet.

Bacillus Reporters

We designed some reporters that are commonly used in B. subtilis or are codon optimized versions of popular reporter genes. All reporters have a modified iGEM Freiburg standard (RCF 25) pre- and suffix for assembly of in-frame fusion proteins. Our prefix also includes the B. subitlis optimized RBS.

prefix: GAATTCCGCGGCCGCTTCTAGATAAGGAGGAACTACTATGGCCGGC

suffix: ACCGGTTAATACTAGTAGCGGCCGCTGCAGT

• GFP (BioBrick:BBa_K823039)

We took a gfp derivate of the Bacillus subtilis plasmids pGFPamy and added the BioBrick compatiple pre- and suffix of the Freiburg standard (Assembly 25). This BioBrick was used to create our Sporobeads.

• mKate2 (BioBrick:BBa_K823029)

mKate2 fused to the terminator B0014 under the control of the Anderson promoter J23101 (up), P_liaI (middle) and P_lepA (down) in pSB_Bs1C. Pellets are Escherichia coli cells which contain the plasmid with the right insert.

We synthesized this monomeric far-red fluorescence protein with a codon-optimized version for the use in B. subtilis with pre- and suffix of the Freiburg standard. We cloned this reporter in front of the terminator B0014. For the evaluation this reporter was successfully combined with the promoters P_liaI, P_lepA and the Anderson promoter J23101 in the empty Bacillus vector pSB_Bs1C from our BacillusBioBrickBox. At the moment we have the right clones of B. subtilis with the integrated construct. Unfortunately we have no equipment to measure this reporter. Neither our plate reader nor the fluorescent microscope have the required filters.

• LacZ (BioBrick:BBa_K823019)

lacZ under the control of P_spac in pSB_Bs0K-P_spac. Plate induced with IPTG

This lacZ gene is derived from the Bacillus reporter vector pAC6. It is constructed in the Freiburg Standard (Assembly 25) for in-frame fusion proteins. It also includes a Shine-Dalgarno Sequence optimized for Bacillus subtilis translation. This lacZ BioBrick was tested in the expression vector pSB_Bs0K-P_spac. This construct showed a high activity, so this BioBrick should work. See Data in the vector evaluation section of pSB_Bs0K-P_spac.

• luc (BioBrick:BBa_K823028)

This is the luc monomeric firefly luciferase which needs a special substrate to produce luminescence. With Ribosome binding site included, codon optimized for Bacillus subtilis and synthesized by gene art. It was used in B. subtilis before (Mirouze et al. 2011).

Firefly luciferase is by far the most commonly used bioluminescent reporter. This monomeric enzyme of 61kDa catalyzes a two-step oxidation reaction to yield light, usually in the green to yellow region, typically 550–570nm . The first step is activation of the luciferyl carboxylate by ATP to yield a reactive mixed anhydride. In the second step, this activated intermediate reacts with oxygen to create a transient dioxetane that breaks down to the oxidized products, oxyluciferin and CO₂. Upon mixing with substrates, firefly luciferase produces an initial burst of light that decays over about 15 seconds to a low level of sustained luminescence. This kinetic profile reflects the slow release of the enzymatic product, thus limiting catalytic turnover after the initial reaction.

The popularity of native firefly luciferase as a genetic reporter is due to the sensitivity and convenience of the enzyme assay and tight coupling of protein synthesis with enzyme activity. Firefly luciferase, which is encoded by the luc gene, is a monomer that does not require any post-translational modifications; it is available as a mature enzyme directly upon translation of its mRNA. Catalytic competence is attained immediately after release from the ribosome. Also, luciferase has a very short half-life in cells (approximately 3 hours). Combined, these properties make luciferase an extremely responsive reporter, far more so than other commonly used reporters.

Reference:Promega

Affinity Tags

All our tags have been synthesized by gene art. They are designed in Freiburg standard with an included optimized ribosome binding site. We have not tested our tags, yet.

prefix: GAATTCCGCGGCCGCTTCTAGATAAGGAGGAACTACTATGGCCGGC

suffix: ACCGGTTAATACTAGTAGCGGCCGCTGCAGT

• 3x Flag - tag (BioBrick:BBa_K823034)

The Flag-tag was the first epitope tag to be published (T.P. Hopp, K.S. Prickett et al. (1988)). It consists of eight hydrophobic aminoacids: DYKDDDDK and the 3x Flag tag is: DYKDHDGDYKDHDIDYKDDDDK. There are a variety of monoclonal antibodies against this tag, N-terminal as well as position insensitive.

• HA - tag (BioBrick:BBa_K823035)

The HA-tag is an epitope derived from the HA-virus. There was first an antibody against it and then the epitope was characterized (Wilson, I.A. et al. (1984)). It was then furthermore used as a tag for protein purification and recognition (Field, J. et al. (1988)). The aminoacid sequence is: YPYDVPDYA.

• cMyc - tag (BioBrick:BBa_K823036)

The cMyc-tag is a tag derived from the cMyc gene product. Antibodies were derived from the immunisation with synthetic peptides from the cMyc sequence Mol. Cell. Biol. 5,3610-3616). The aminoacid sequence is EQKLISEEDL.

• His - tag (BioBrick:BBa_K823037)

The His-tag is a metal chelating peptide (Hochuli, E.; Bannwarth, W.; Döbeli, H.; Gentz, R.; Stüber, D. (1988)) consisting of at least 6 histidins. It can therefore be used for protein purification by metal 2+ (mostly nickel or cobalt) containing columns. There are also antibodies against this tag, or nickel/cobalt containing fluorescent probes can be used for detection. Also a immobilization is possible in nickel/cobalt coated plastikware. The aminoacid sequence is:HHHHHHHHHH

• Strep - tag (BioBrick:BBa_K823038)

The Strep-tag is a mimicry peptide of biotin which binds to Streptavidin (Skerra, A. and Schmidt, T.G.M. (1999)). Its sequence is WSHPQFEK. It can be used for protein purification, immobilisation with Streptavidin or Strep-tactin (Voss, S. and Skerra, A. (1997)) or detection with Strep-tactin or antibodies.

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