http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&feed=atom&action=historyTeam:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading - Revision history2024-03-29T14:47:09ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.0http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=277083&oldid=prevDmsilver at 01:48, 25 October 20122012-10-25T01:48:33Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Why Use Synthetic Biology? Why Not Chemical Methods?</h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Why Use Synthetic Biology? Why Not Chemical Methods?</h2></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">very </del>efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen <i>et al</i>. 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu <i>et al</i>. 2008). Desulfurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">completely </ins>efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen <i>et al</i>. 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu <i>et al</i>. 2008). Desulfurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td></tr>
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</table>Dmsilverhttp://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=264592&oldid=prevStephanie0101 at 01:59, 4 October 20122012-10-04T01:59:55Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>2008). Desulfurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><i></ins>et al<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></i>. </ins>2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><i></ins>et al<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></i>. </ins>2008). Desulfurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td></tr>
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</table>Stephanie0101http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=262758&oldid=prevAnyakornilo at 00:40, 4 October 20122012-10-04T00:40:46Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sulphurization </del>has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Desulfurization </ins>has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td></tr>
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</table>Anyakornilohttp://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=258960&oldid=prevLisa.O at 18:30, 3 October 20122012-10-03T18:30:31Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>While we have been able to show that we can convert naphthenic acids into useful hydrocarbons there is still a lot of compounds in the tailings that will decrease the value of our product as a fuel. These compounds include sulfur and nitrogen containing heterocyclic atoms such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and carbazole. Normally these compounds are removed through chemical means, but this requires expensive machinery, extreme pressurs and temperatures, and the addition of organic solvents. By using synthetic biology to do this in a simple bioreactor we can save the energy that is required to produce these conditions and reduce the cost of the expensive processes.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>While we have been able to show that we can convert <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxins such as </ins>naphthenic acids into useful hydrocarbons there is still a lot of compounds in the tailings that will decrease the value of our product as a fuel. These compounds include sulfur and nitrogen containing heterocyclic atoms such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and carbazole. Normally these compounds are removed through chemical means, but this requires expensive machinery, extreme pressurs and temperatures, and the addition of organic solvents. By using synthetic biology to do this in a simple bioreactor we can save the energy that is required to produce these conditions and reduce the cost of the expensive processes.</p></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Why Use Synthetic Biology? Why Not Chemical Methods?</h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Why Use Synthetic Biology? Why Not Chemical Methods?</h2></div></td></tr>
</table>Lisa.Ohttp://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=257993&oldid=prevLisa.O at 13:31, 3 October 20122012-10-03T13:31:20Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>While we have been able to show that we can convert naphthenic acids into useful hydrocarbons there is still a lot of compounds in the tailings that will decrease the value of our product as a fuel. These compounds include sulfur and nitrogen containing heterocyclic atoms such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and carbazole. Normally these compounds are removed through chemical means, but this requires expensive machinery, extreme pressurs and temperatures, and the addition of organic solvents. By using synthetic biology to do this in a simple bioreactor we can save the energy that is required to produce these conditions and reduce the cost of the expensive processes.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>While we have been able to show that we can convert naphthenic acids into useful hydrocarbons there is still a lot of compounds in the tailings that will decrease the value of our product as a fuel. These compounds include sulfur and nitrogen containing heterocyclic atoms such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and carbazole. Normally these compounds are removed through chemical means, but this requires expensive machinery, extreme pressurs and temperatures, and the addition of organic solvents. By using synthetic biology to do this in a simple bioreactor we can save the energy that is required to produce these conditions and reduce the cost of the expensive processes.</p></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Why Use Synthetic Biology <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">To Accomplish This Goal</del>? Why Not Chemical Methods?</h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Why Use Synthetic Biology? Why Not Chemical Methods?</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td></tr>
</table>Lisa.Ohttp://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=257990&oldid=prevLisa.O at 13:30, 3 October 20122012-10-03T13:30:45Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350&deg; C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lisa.Ohttp://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=257988&oldid=prevLisa.O at 13:29, 3 October 20122012-10-03T13:29:53Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350 deg C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&</ins>deg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </ins>C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lisa.Ohttp://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=257626&oldid=prevLisa.O at 10:57, 3 October 20122012-10-03T10:57:39Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350 deg C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350 deg C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lisa.Ohttp://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=257620&oldid=prevLisa.O at 10:57, 3 October 20122012-10-03T10:57:13Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350 deg C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350 deg C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>In contrast to this, microbes have been found capable of harvesting both sulfur and nitrogen out of hydrocarbons under physiological conditions, making them a much more environmentally sound and economic approach to carry out on an industrial scale. Synthetic biology can potentially offer a new avenue to address these problems, with much more potential for innovation and new ideas. </p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>In contrast to this, microbes have been found capable of harvesting both sulfur and nitrogen out of hydrocarbons under physiological conditions, making them a much more environmentally sound and economic approach to carry out on an industrial scale. Synthetic biology can potentially offer a new avenue to address these problems, with much more potential for innovation and new ideas. </p></div></td></tr>
</table>Lisa.Ohttp://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Upgrading&diff=255284&oldid=prevEmily Hicks at 06:27, 3 October 20122012-10-03T06:27:00Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Why Use Synthetic Biology To Accomplish This Goal? Why Not Chemical Methods?</h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Why Use Synthetic Biology To Accomplish This Goal? Why Not Chemical Methods?</h2></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350 deg C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">While these chemical processes are a reasonable method </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fuel upregulating they do have major limitations that are difficult </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">get around from </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chemical standpoint</del>. Synthetic biology can potentially offer a new avenue to address these problems, with much more potential for innovation and new ideas. </p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>The most widely used chemical method for removing nitrogen from fuel sources is called hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This process is not very efficient, as only 77% of nitrogen containing compounds are actually removed (Zeuthen et al, 2001). It also requires harsh conditions, for example temperatures upwards of 350 deg C and pressures up to 30 Bar. This is mostly because the nitrogen atoms in the ring must be hydrogenated before the carbon-nitrogen bond can be cleaved because this (Katzer & Sivasubramanian, 1979). The input of molybdenum based chemical catalysts required for this reaction is also very costly and can produce toxic by-products of its own (Zhu et al, 2008). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Sulphurization has similar problems. Hydrodesulfurization for example, requires high temperature and pressure and also releases the sulfur in the form </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydrogen sulfide gas, a toxic compound which is then converted </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.</p></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><p>In contrast to this, microbes have been found capable of harvesting both sulfur and nitrogen out of hydrocarbons under physiological conditions, making them </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">much more environmentally sound and economic approach to carry out on an industrial scale</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Synthetic biology can potentially offer a new avenue to address these problems, with much more potential for innovation and new ideas. </p></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>We took two main approaches for upgrading our hydrocarbons. The first method focused on reducing the sulfur content of the product through the action of <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Desulfurization">desulfurization</a>. This would prevent the production of toxic sulfur gasses when the hydrocarbons are combusted in an engine. Our second approach uses <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Denitrogenation">denitrogenation</a> to remove nitrogen containing compounds from the product. This will reduce the emissions of nitrous oxide gasses that are heavily involved in global warming.</p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><p>We took two main approaches for upgrading our hydrocarbons. The first method focused on reducing the sulfur content of the product through the action of <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Desulfurization">desulfurization</a>. This would prevent the production of toxic sulfur gasses when the hydrocarbons are combusted in an engine. Our second approach uses <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Calgary/Project/OSCAR/Denitrogenation">denitrogenation</a> to remove nitrogen containing compounds from the product. This will reduce the emissions of nitrous oxide gasses that are heavily involved in global warming.</p></div></td></tr>
</table>Emily Hicks